Pharm Flashcards
Rifampicin action
nhibits bacterial RNA synthesis by binding to the beta-subunit of bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RNAP)
P450 enzyme inducer
common cytochrome P450 (CYP450) inducers
C: arbamazepine
R: ifampin
A: lcohol (chronic use)
P: henytoin
G: riseofulvin
P: henobarbital
S: t. John’s Wort
S: moking
CRAP GPs
ciprofloxacin mechanism of action
inhibiting bacterial DNA replication and cell division by targeting bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV
Drugs causing photosensitivity
P: soralens
C: iprofloxacin
S: ulfonamides
T: etracyclines
L: oop diuretics (e.g., furosemide)
A: miodarone
G: riseofulvin
(PC START LAG).
Mechanism of Action: fomepizole
Competitive inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase
indications for dialysis in salicylate poisoning
serum salicylate level greater than 700
metabolic acidosis
pulmonary edema
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is considered for carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning
COHb levels are high (>25%
Pregnancy
MI
LoC
Arrythmia
Neurological
Trastuzumab, a monoclonal antibody
argeting and binding to the HER2 protein on cancer cells, inhibiting their growth and survival, and potentially triggering immune system responses to destroy these cells
Lithium
1. theraputic range
2. precipitating
3. management
- 0.4 - 1
- dehydration, renal failure, drugs ( Diuretics, NSAIDs, Haloperidol, Carbamazepine, Dapagliflozin, ACE inhibitors , Antidepressants)
- volume rescuitatiobn
Caustic ingestion
if odinophagia present urgent endodcopy
ECG changes in isolated hypomagnesaemia
Prolonged PR interval
Prolonged QT interval
Atrial and ventricular ectopy
Predisposition to ventricular tachycardia and torsades de pointes
ECG features of hypokalaemia (K < 2.7 mmol/L)
Increased P wave amplitude
Prolongation of PR interval
Widespread ST depression and T wave flattening/inversion
Prominent U waves (best seen in the precordial leads V2-V3)
Apparent long QT interval due to fusion of T and U waves (= long QU interval)
ECG changes in Hypocalcaemia
Hypocalcaemia causes QTc prolongation primarily by prolonging the ST segment
The T wave is typically left unchanged
Dysrhythmias are uncommon
Torsades de pointes may occur, but is much less common than with hypokalaemia or hypomagnesaemia
Ciclosporin
1. action
2. theraputic sampling
- inhibiting T-cell activation through the calcineurin pathway, preventing the transcription of cytokines like IL-2
- Before the next dose
cyanide poisoning
1. action
2. effect
3. treatment
- inhibits cellular respiration by binding to cytochrome C oxidase
- Cellular Hypoxia, hypotension, Metabolic Acidosis
- Oxygen, hydroxycobellamin
CYP450 inhibitors
Sodium valproate
Isoniazid
Cimetidine
Ketoconazole
Fluconazole
Alcohol & Grapefruit juice
Chloramphenicol
Erythromycin
Sulfonamides
Ciprofloxacin
Omeprazole
Metronidazole
SICKFACES.COM
zero-order elimination
salicylates, omeprazole, fluoxetine, phenytoin, and cisplatin
Ps and Wheats” :
Ps: Phenytoin, Phenylbutazone
W: Warfarin
H: Heparin
E: Ethanol
A: Aspirin
T: Theophylline, Tolbutamide
S: Salicylate
tca excretion
not effectively removed by haemodialysis as high protien binding and large volume of destribution
Drugs can be cleared through haemodyalysis
BLAST
barbiturate
lithium
Alcohol
salisilate
theophiline
medications excerbating Heart F
pioglitazone
verapamil
NSAID
Plecanide
DRESS syndrome
Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms
2. drugs
characterized by a rash, fever, lymphadenopathy, and organ involvement, often occurring 2-8 weeks after starting a medication
Rash: A widespread, often morbilliform (measles-like)
Lymphadenopathy:
High-grade fever
Atypical Lymphocytosis
- Anticonvulsants (e.g., phenytoin, carbamazepine)
Sulfonamides
Antibiotics (e.g., minocycline)
Allopurinol
Cetuximab
a targeted cancer drug, specifically a monoclonal antibody, metastatic colorectal cancer,
inhibiting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)
Finasteride
2. side effects
inhibiting the enzyme 5-alpha reductase, which converts testosterone into dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
1. erectile dysfunction, jaculatory dysfunction and loss of libido,
Monoclonal Antibodies
laboratory-produced proteins designed to mimic the body’s natural antibodies
- Rituximab: Binds to a protein CD20 on B cells
- Blinatumomab: Binds to both CD19 (on leukemia cells) and CD3 (on T cells), bringing T cells
Metformin activity
acts by activation of AMPK
increase insulin sensitvity
decrease hepatic gluco neogenesis
decrease GI absorption of Carbo
drugs undergo extensive 1st pass metabolism
aspirin
ISDN
GTN
Lignocaine
propanalol
verapamil
isoprenaline
testestorone
hydrocortisol
zero order kinetics
high dose aspirin
ethanol
phenitoin
heparin
acetylator status drugs
sulfasalazine, hydralazine, isoniazid, procainamide, and penicillamine, dapsone
SHIPP D
zero-order kinetic drugs
P’s and WHEATS
P’s: Phenytoin and Phenylbutazone
W: Warfarin
H: Heparin
E: Ethanol
A: Aspirin
T’s: Theophylline and Tolbutamide
S: Salicylates
drug-induced urinary retention
anticholinergic, alpha-agonist, opioid properties, as well as some antipsychotics and antidepressants
king’s college criteria for liver transplant
pH < 7.30 and all three of:
INR > 6.5serum creatinine > 300 mcmol/Lthe presence of grade 3 or 4 encephalopathy
Aminoglicocide side effect
tubular necrosis
urine test muddy brown cast
drug causing lung fibrosis
nitrofurentoin
ameaderon
brom0ocriptin
cabagolin
pergolide
methotrexate
sulphursalasine
busulphan
bliomicin
Aminoglicocide Nephro toxicity
ATN
AIN toxic drugs
with rash & eosinophila
NSAIDS, Antibiotics - Betalactoms,
Cortical
