Infectious and Derm Flashcards

Question

schistosomiasis treatment

Answer 1

ever, a red, itchy rash, and potentially an itchy, red, blotchy and raised rash microscopic imaging Short-term complications: Katayama fever: This acute phase of schistosomiasis can manifest with fever, cough, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and swollen liver and spleen. Skin rash and itching Long-term complications GI - chronic diarrhea Urinary - cystitis, hematuria, scarring Female genital schistosomiasis, infertility Enlarged liver, liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, portal hypertension, and esophageal varices S. haematobium: Primarily affects the urinary system, leading to complications like haematuria, bladder scarring, and potentially bladder cancer. S. mansoni and S. japonicum: Primarily affect the digestive system and can lead to liver and spleen complications, as well as the potential for brain or spinal cord involvement. praziquantel

Answer 2

caused by an abnormal immune response to gluten. The pathophysiology involves IgA antibodies forming against epidermal transglutaminase (eTG), a protein found in the skin, which triggers inflammation and blister formation IgA antibodies deposited in dermis HLA genes, particularly HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8, are strongly associated with DH. Associations - increased risk of osteoporosis, certain types of gut cancer (like lymphomas), and other autoimmune diseases like type 1 diabetes and thyroid problems. malabsorption due to gut issues can cause anemia, weight loss, and potentially short stature in children. particularly non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Pericarditis and cardiomyopathy ataxia, peripheral neuropathy, and epilepsy

Answer 3

Double stranded DNA, Acute - Surface antigen, Anti Hbc, HBe antigen- high viral infectivity/replication, can go to fulminent - high serum transaminase, elivated bilirubin, Hep B core IgM (only marker in acute, liver failure) Chronic - (>6 months)10% goes to chronic, HbV Core IgM, core IgG, HBe antigen,Surface antigen, Asymptomatic, vague symptoms with affected liver HBV infects hepatocytes and replicates, triggering an immune response - leading to liver damage and potential complications like cirrhosis and liver cancer infected & imunized - no antigen, anti Hbc, Anti Hbs HBV can persist in the liver as covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) within the nucleus, allowing for long-term viral persistence. Chronic hepatitis B can lead to long-term liver damage, including fibrosis, cirrhosis, and an increased risk of liver cancer. Occult HBV infection refers to the presence of HBV DNA in the absence of detectable HBV surface antigen (HBsAg), often associated with strong viral suppression by the immune response. While HBsAg is not detectable, the presence of HBV DNA suggests ongoing viral persistence, and occult HBV infection can still contribute to liver disease progression. glomerular nephritis, myocardiits, polyartaritis - extra hepatic 70-90% chance of chronic infection in infants born to HBV-positive mothers complications Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Cirrhosis, Portal Hypertension Increased risk of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), - diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Antiviral medications like entecavir and tenofovir Interferon, Supportive Care

Answer 4

a condition where quinine, a drug used to treat malaria and leg cramps, can cause a decrease in platelets (thrombocytopenia) due to the formation of antibodies that recognize platelet membrane glycoproteins associated with hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) Quinine-dependent antibodies have been shown to react with red cells and granulocytes, potentially contributing to the development of HUS management - stopping quinine and supportive care (platelet)

Answer 5

Strong associations to age, UV exposure, fair skin, and weakened immune systems Presents as a painless, rapidly growing bump on the skin, often with a red, purple, or skin-colored appearance on sun-exposed areas Basal cell carcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma, can increase the risk of MCC. Certain medical conditions or treatments that suppress the immune system, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) or certain lymphomas, can also increase the risk.

Answer 6

usually asymptomatic unusual vaginal - often white, yellow, or gray, with a foul odor or penile discharge - clear, cloudy, or pus-like, burning during urination, and abdominal pain Testicular: Pain and swelling Conjunctivitis (pink eye) with redness, pain, and discharge Complications: PID in women, infertility and ectopic pregnancy Common STI, with young adults aged 15-24

Answer 7

haracterized by inflammation that obscures the dermo-epidermal junction and involves basal cell damage, often seen as apoptotic or necrotic keratinocytes involves an immune response, with plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) potentially playing a role in initiating the reaction by releasing cytokines like IFN-α. Trigger Factors - Contact Allergens, medications - antibiotics, antifungals, allopurinol, Hepatitis C virus and stress

Answer 8

Colonization of cardiac valve endocardium by virulent microorganisms. It is a rare condition that can lead to rapid and significant morbidity and mortality gram-positive streptococci, staphylococci, and enterococci infection - together 80% to 90% of all cases Fever, chills, and fatigue, joint and muscle pain, shortness of breath, and potentially a new or changing heart murmur. More specific signs, such as Osler's nodes, Janeway lesions, and Roth spots, are less common but can be indicative of immunologic phenomena. - A new or changing heart murmur, and the presence of splinter hemorrhages (small, linear hemorrhages under the fingernails or toenails).

Answer 9

Oral Lichen Planus (OLP) vs. Oral Lichenoid Lesions (OLLs): While OLP and OLLs share clinical and histological similarities, OLLs are often associated with identifiable inciting factors (e.g., drugs, dental restorations) that, when eliminated, can lead to lesion regression. Lichenoid Drug Eruptions (LDEs): LDEs can mimic lichen planus, but key differences include the presence of eosinophils and prominent parakeratosis on histology, which are less common in idiopathic lichen planus. A detailed medication history and potentially a challenge test (reintroducing the suspected drug) can aid in diagnosis. Other Immune-Mediated Mucocutaneous Diseases: Conditions like mucous membrane pemphigoid, chronic graft-versus-host disease, and lupus erythematosus can also exhibit lichenoid features, requiring a thorough clinical evaluation and potential biopsy. Lichenoid Keratosis: This condition, often arising in regressing solar or seborrheic keratoses, can be distinguished from lichen planus by its limited involvement (typically solitary or few lesions) and the absence of mucosal, nail, or hair follicle involvement.

Answer 10

a rare systemic vasculitis, meaning it causes inflammation of the small and medium-sized arteries, potentially leading to tissue damage. primarily affects medium-sized arteries Symptoms can include fever, fatigue, weight loss, abdominal pain, and neurological issues. Treatment often involves immunosuppressants like corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide.

Answer 11

an RNA virus Diagnosis - HCV antibodies & PCR(early detection), response to treatment Viral load associated - Hepatocellular Carcinoma - HCC, B-cell NHL, cancers of the bile ducts, pancreas, kidney, and lung, Porpiria cutania tarda, glomerular nephritis, cryioglobulinimia Chronic HCV infection, if left untreated, can progress to liver cirrhosis in up to 30% Acute Hepatitis C: a significant portion (85%) develop chronic infection. Acute HCV infection - jaundice, fatigue, nausea, and fever, commonly asymptomatcs. Fulminant Hepatitis: severe complication of acute HCV infection where the liver rapidly loses its function.less than 1% of cases. Chronic Hepatitis C: If left untreated, lead to a progressive scarring of the liver called cirrhosis. causes portal hypertension, variceal hemorrhages, ascites, and hepatic encephalopathy. Liver Failure: Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC): higher risk of developing HCC Direct-acting antiviral (DAA) tablets- 90% curable - short (8-12 weeks) pecific DAA Classes: NS3/4A Protease Inhibitors: grazoprevir, simeprevir, and voxilaprevir, target the NS3/4A protease enzyme, which is essential for viral replication. NS5A Inhibitors: daclatasvir and velpatasvir, block the NS5A protein, which plays a crucial role in viral replication. Nucleotide/Nucleoside Polymerase Inhibitors: Sofosbuvir Fixed-Dose Combinations: Harvoni (ledipasvir/sofosbuvir). Zepatier (elbasvir/grazoprevir). Epclusa (sofosbuvir/velpatasvir). Vosevi (sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir). Mavyret (glecaprevir/pibrentasvir).

Answer 12

involves both direct cytopathic effects and host immune responses. Fulminent, Hepatoma HDV, a defective RNA virus, requires hepatitis B virus (HBV) for replication and transmission, typically occurring as a coinfection or superinfection.

Answer 13

-Gram-positive, spherical (cocci) bacterium, typically forming grape-like clusters, and is a common inhabitant of the skin and mucosa, indwelling urinary catheters, central venous catheters, severe infections in newborns Treatment - antibiotics like Vancomycin Boils, carbuncles, and abscesses, Cellulitis, Impetigo, Endocarditis, Osteomyelitis, Pneumonia

Answer 14

It involves taking a combination of antiretroviral drugs for 28 days, ideally started within 24 hours but no later than 72 hours after the exposure

Answer 15

Bacteria are the most common cause of travellers' diarrhoea. Overall, the most common pathogen is enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, followed by Campylobacter jejuni, Shigella spp., and Salmonella spp. Therefore, the answer is E. coli (enterotoxigenic) because it is the most likely cause of the presentation. appear within 2 to 8 days after exposure, with a typical onset around 3 to 4 days. incubation period - 1 day to as long as 10 days.

Answer 16

a common herpesvirus infection that typically causes no symptoms in healthy individuals In pregnant women, a CMV infection can lead to congenital CMV - congenital CMV can cause hearing loss, vision problems, developmental delays, and neurological problems in infants. mmunocompromised individuals: CMV can cause serious illness in people with weakened immune systems, such as organ transplant recipients or individuals with HIV/AIDS, potentially affecting multiple organs. Ganciclovir and Valganciclovir - only for immunocompromised No approved treatment during pregnancy. confirmed fetal CMV infection, regular ultrasound and MRI scans are recommended to monitor the fetus. If the baby is born with symptoms, antiviral treatment may be given to improve outcomes

Answer 17

Norovirus is the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis. It is transmitted by faecally contaminated food or water, by person-to-person contact, and via aerosolisation of vomited virus and subsequent contamination of surfaces. Outbreaks in cruise ships are common. incubation period of 12 to 48 hours resolves within 1 to 3 days.

Answer 18

Non-Invasive Listeriosis: Healthy individuals often experience a mild, self-limiting gastroenteritis with symptoms like fever, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and muscle aches. Invasive Listeriosis: This is a more severe form of the disease that can lead to life-threatening complications. Symptoms may include fever, chills, headache, stiff neck, confusion, and convulsions. Listeriosis - mild or asymptomatic in the mother - to fetus miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm labor, or neonatal infection - Neonatal listeriosis can be classified as early (within 6 days of birth)- Granulomatosis Infantiseptica severe disease - Sepsis, Meningitis and Encephalitis, Focal Infections Risk Factors: Pregnancy, Immunocompromised Individuals, Elderly, Neonates Ampicillin

Answer 19

RNA, Hep E infections are asymptomatic acute hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, or acute on chronic liver failure, especially in immunocompromised individuals or pregnant women Diagnostic Tools: Serological Tests: anti-HEV IgM Molecular Tests: RT-PCR - HEV RNA in blood and stool, Liver Biopsy: assess the histopathological changes to differentiate Ribaverin in some cases

Answer 20

Liver damage is primarily caused by the body's immune response, not directly by the virus itself. HAV infection is usually self-limiting, and most patients recover fully without chronic liver disease. Individuals with pre-existing liver disease, such as chronic hepatitis B or C, are at higher risk of developing fulminant hepatitis A

Answer 21

Meningococcemia: Invasive meningococcal disease, particularly meningococcemia, can lead to a severe inflammatory response, including: Endotoxins: The bacteria's endotoxins trigger an intense inflammatory reaction, leading to the release of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators. Vascular Damage: Inflammation damages blood vessel walls, causing increased vascular permeability, bleeding (petechiae or purpura), and potential shock. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC): DIC, a life-threatening condition, can occur due to the widespread activation of the coagulation cascad Meningitis: Host Immune Response Septic arthritis, pneumonia, pericarditis, conjunctivitis, otitis, sinusitis, and urethritis. A rare chronic meningococcemia syndrome with fever, rash, joint aches, and headache. Purpura fulminans, a severe form of meningococcemia, can lead to tissue necrosis and amputation. hird-generation cephalosporin (ceftriaxone or cefotaxime) or penicillin.

Answer 22

Skin and Soft Tissue Infections: Boils (furuncles), Cellulitis: , Impetigo, Folliculitis, Carbuncles, Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome: Bacteremia: lead to sepsis Infective Endocarditis: Osteomyelitis Pneumonia Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS): A rare but severe illness caused by toxins produced by certain S. aureus strains, characterized by high fever, rash, and organ failure. Food Poisoning: Mastitis: breast feedings Meningitis Prosthetic Device Infections Urinary Tract Infections MRSA: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Answer 23

Diarrhea: This is the most prominent symptom, often described as watery, foul-smelling, and greasy. Abdominal Cramps and Pain, Nausea and Vomiting, Gas and Bloating, Loss of Appetite and Weight Loss: , significant weight loss can occur. Dehydration Giardia parasite or by using molecular tests to detect parasite antigens or DNA. antibiotics, most commonly metronidazole or tinidazole.

Answer 24

Infection and Initial Replication: Humans are infected by ingesting oocysts from cat feces, or by consuming tissue cysts in infected meat. Inside the host, the parasite transforms into tachyzoites, which actively replicate within cells. Tachyzoites cause cell damage, inflammation, and necrosis. 2. Host Immune Response and Cyst Formation: The host's immune system, particularly cell-mediated immunity, helps control the infection. Tachyzoites are converted into bradyzoites, which form tissue cysts in various organs, especially the brain, eyes, and muscles. Cysts can persist for life, remaining dormant in most individuals with a healthy immune system. 3. Reactivation and Disease: In individuals with compromised immune systems (e.g., AIDS patients), tissue cysts can reactivate. Reactivated bradyzoites transform back into tachyzoites, which cause disease, particularly encephalitis and other systemic infections. The severity of disease depends on the extent of organ damage, especially in vital organs like the brain and eyes.

Answer 25

affects almost the entire body, causing a red rash, intense itching, and potentially life-threatening complications like heart failure or infection Redness and inflammation: intensely red and inflamed, often resembling a burn. Scaly skin: Skin peeling: peel off in large sheets, leading to a loss of skin barrier. Itching and burning: Nail changes: brittle or fall off. Systemic symptoms: Fever, chills, fatigue, and a rapid heartbeat Unstable psoriasis: Erythrodermic psoriasis often occurs in people with unstable plaque psoriasis. Medications: Withdrawal of oral or topical corticosteroids, or starting or stopping other medications can trigger it. Infections: Severe illnesses or infections can also trigger the condition. Stress: Stress may also play a role in triggering erythrodermic psoriasis. Initial treatment is with topical white soft paraffin smeared all over the skin, which helps to make the skin more comfortable, partially reduces the inflammation, improves the skin barrier (which is generally defective in erythroderma), thus helping to prevent entry of bacteria through the skin (and prevent septicaemia), and helps to reduce water loss from the skin (and prevent dehydration). While using topical white soft paraffin, relevant investigations can be performed to determine the cause of the erythroderma and to determine which systemic therapy can be employed to treat the cause of the erythroderma. Treat underline & supportive care Immunosuppressants like methotrexate, acitretin, or cyclosporine ustekinumab and ixekizumab Topical corticosteroids

Answer 26

Brucella abortus is a bacterial disease primarily affecting cattle and other animals, but can also infect humans by consuming unpasteurized milk or dairy products, or through contact with infected animals. flu-like symptoms, including fever, fatigue, and joint pain. Wet hay smell treated with antibiotics for several weeks.

Answer 27

Borrelia burgdorferi Symptoms: Erythema migrans: A circular or oval rash around the tick bite, often described as a "bullseye" rash, is a hallmark of early Lyme disease. Fever, headache, and fatigue: These are common early symptoms. Joint pain: Arthritis can develop in later stages of Lyme disease. Other symptoms: Depending on the stage and severity of the infection, Lyme disease can cause a range of symptoms, including neurological problems, heart complications, and skin conditions. Neuro - 10% Facial Palsy/Bell's Palsy: Weakness or paralysis on one side of the face, potentially causing trouble closing the eye, drooping smile, or drooling. Meningitis-like Symptoms: Headache, stiff neck, fever, and sensitivity to light. Visual Disturbances: Double vision, blurry vision, or other changes in vision. Numbness, Pain, and Weakness: Sensory disturbances or weakness in the extremities or other parts of the body. Cognitive Difficulties: Brain fog, memory loss, difficulty concentrating, and impaired executive function. Sleep Disturbances: Insomnia or other sleep problems. Hearing Loss and Dizziness: Possible as a result of cranial nerve involvement. Pain and Stiffness: Muscle aches, joint pain, and a stiff neck can be associated with Lyme disease.

Answer 28

squamous cell carcinoma in situ (SCC in situ) red, scaly, or crusty patch on the skin, often found on sun-exposed areas. Red, scaly, or crusty patches on the skin May be itchy but often isn't Can be flat or slightly raised May be single or multiple patches Typically on sun-exposed areas like the face, hands, and lower legs

Answer 29

dentified with keratinization, keratin pearls and intercellular bridges Poorly differentiated lesions may lose morphologic features of squamous differentiation and require IHC to separate from other non-small lesions, p40 positivity will help Primary and metastatic tumors have an overlapping morphology and immunohistochemical profiles; in most cases it is not possible to determine the primary site of squamous cell carcinoma Strong association with history of tobacco smoking over 50 years of age 85% of primary lung cancers are non-small cell carcinomas and squamous cell makes up 30% of these cases

Answer 30

Symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal pain, and sometimes fever. The bacteria are typically acquired through eating contaminated food, especially raw or undercooked pork. Mimicking appendicitis: Right-sided abdominal pain and fever can be mistaken for appendicitis. - "cluster of lymph nodes at appendix suggestive of mesenteric adenitis" points more to yersinia infection, which can mimic Crohn's disease and appendicitis (pseudoappendicitis). Other possible complications: In some cases, yersiniosis can cause skin rash, joint pain, or even spread to the bloodstream. Reactive arthritis: Joint pain, most commonly in the knees, ankles, or wrists, can develop 1-2 weeks after the gastrointestinal illness.

Answer 31

multi-drug therapy (MDT), a combination of antibiotics, including dapsone, rifampicin, and clofazimine

Answer 32

a common viral skin infection causing small, raised, flesh-colored, white, or pink bumps on the skin. These bumps are usually harmless and will typically clear up on their own within 6 to 18 months without treatment poxvirus usually flesh-colored, white, or pink, with a shiny, dome-shaped appearance and a central dimple.

Answer 33

ype of skin cancer that develops from melanocytes, the cells that produce melanin, giving skin its color. It's a serious cancer that can spread to other parts of the body existing mole or the appearance of a new mole, especially those that are asymmetrical, have irregular borders, varying colors, or are larger than 6 millimeters, are potential signs of melanoma. Surgery is the primary treatment for melanoma, and it can also involve other therapies like radiation therapy, immunotherapy, or targeted therapy. Lentigo maligna is a specific type of melanoma in situ, an early form of melanoma where the cancerous cells are confined to the top layer of the skin (epidermis). It typically appears as a slowly growing, brown patch, often on areas of chronic sun exposure like the head and neck - surgical excision, where the lesion and a surrounding margin of normal skin are removed- 1cm.

Answer 34

a subset of aggressive skin and soft tissue infections that cause muscle fascia and subcutaneous tissue necrosis. The infection typically travels along the fascial plane, which has a poor blood supply Early Signs (Days 1-2): Local Pain and Swelling: The infected area becomes intensely painful and swollen, often disproportionately to the observed changes. Erythema: The skin around the infection site turns red, warm, and shiny. Systemic Signs: Flu-like symptoms like fever, chills, nausea, and diarrhea may develop. Intermediate Signs (Days 3-5): Skin Changes: The erythema may progress to a purplish or bluish-gray hue, with the skin becoming indurated and swollen. Pain and Sensory Changes: While initially severe, pain may decrease as nerve damage occurs due to tissue necrosis. Skin Breakdown: Blisters, bullae, and even black, dead tissue (gangrene) may become visible. Systemic Progression: Patients may experience tachycardia, dehydration, and a worsening of flu-like symptoms. Late Signs (Days 4-5 and beyond): Severe Systemic Illness: The infection may enter the bloodstream, leading to sepsis and toxic shock. Altered Mental Status: The patient may become confused, disoriented, or even lose consciousness. Organ Damage: In some cases, the infection can spread to other organs like the liver, spleen, or lung Rapid Progression: Necrotizing fasciitis progresses rapidly, and early diagnosis and treatment are crucial. Differential Diagnosis: It's important to differentiate necrotizing fasciitis from other soft tissue infections like cellulitis or erysipelas.

Answer 35

a thick, gray membrane in the throat and tonsils, along with symptoms like sore throat, fever, and swollen neck glands. Sore throat: This is a common early symptom. Fever: Often a low-grade fever. Swollen neck glands: Known as cervical lymphadenopathy. Membrane formation: A thick, gray pseudomembrane develops in the throat, tonsils, and possibly the nose, making breathing and swallowing difficult. Bull's neck: In severe cases, swelling of the neck can cause a "bull's neck" appearance. Respiratory distress: Difficulty breathing, hoarseness, and a bark-like cough can occur. Systemic effects: The diphtheria toxin can spread through the bloodstream, leading to heart and nerve damage. Cutaneous Diphtheria: Skin lesions: May appear as ulcers with a gray membrane, or as a scaling rash. Pain, redness, and swelling: Similar to other skin infections. Slow healing: Skin lesions in cutaneous diphtheria are slow to heal. toxigenic diphtheria 1. Cardiac Complications: Myocarditis- major concern in diphtheria, potentially leading to heart failure and arrhythmias. Arrhythmias, Pericarditis, Endocarditis Neurological Complications: Polyneuropathy, Cranial Nerve Palsy, Demyelinating Polyneuropathy, Bulbar Palsy, Diaphragmatic Paralysis

Answer 36

MSF is caused by Rickettsia rickettsii and transmitted by ticks like the American dog tick and Rocky Mountain wood tick, while Lyme disease is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi and transmitted primarily by the blacklegged tick Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) Cause: Rickettsia rickettsii Transmission: American dog tick, Rocky Mountain wood tick, and brown dog tick Symptoms: Fever, headache, muscle aches, and a rash that typically starts on the wrists and ankles and spreads. Some people may not develop a rash. Severity: RMSF can be severe and potentially fatal if not treated promptly with antibiotics, particularly doxycycline. Treatment: Doxycycline is the primary treatment for RMSF. Mortality: RMSF has a higher mortality rate than Lyme disease. Lyme Disease Cause: Borrelia burgdorferi Transmission: Primarily by the blacklegged (deer) tick. Symptoms: Fatigue, fever, headache, stiff neck, and a characteristic rash called erythema migrans, often a bullseye-like pattern. Severity: Lyme disease can lead to long-term health complications if left untreated. Treatment: Lyme disease is treated with antibiotics, such as doxycycline, amoxicillin, or ceftin. Mortality: Lyme disease has a lower mortality rate than RMSF.

Answer 37

an cause painful ulcers in the rectum, leading to proctitis, which is inflammation of the rectum.

Answer 38

infectious mononucleosis (mono) or glandular fever, Infectious Mononucleosis (Mono): The most well-known EBV-related illness, characterized by fatigue, fever, sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes. EBV is associated with a range of conditions, including certain cancers (like Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal cancer), post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease, and chronic active EBV infection - epihelial cancers

Answer 39

Plasmodium falciparum: This species is the most dangerous, leading to severe and potentially fatal malaria. It is found in Africa and other parts of the world. - Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) artesunate-mefloquine, artemether-lumefantrine (Coartem), artesunate-amodiaquine, dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine, and artesunate-sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine. Plasmodium vivax: This species is prevalent in many regions, including parts of South America and Asia. While less severe than P. falciparum, it can cause relapses due to dormant forms in the liver. - Primaquine, Chloroquine Plasmodium malariae: This species causes chronic malaria infections. Plasmodium ovale: This species can remain latent in the liver for many years, causing relapses. Plasmodium knowlesi: This species is found in Southeast Asia and can cause severe disease.

Answer 40

branching pattern of the ulcer makes it easily recognizable when stained with fluorescein dye. dendritic ulcers may experience pain, light sensitivity (photophobia), a gritty or foreign-body sensation in the eye, redness, and blurred vision. Fluorescein staining is a crucial diagnostic tool Antiviral medications, like Ganciclovir

Answer 41

SCHATE S: ilicosis & Sarcoidosis: Both can cause upper lobe fibrosis. C: oalworker's lung: A pneumoconiosis that often affects the upper lobes. H: istiocytosis: Specifically, Langerhans cell histiocytosis (eosinophilic granuloma) can present with upper lobe fibrosis. A: nkylosing spondylitis & Allegic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA): These conditions can also lead to fibrosis in the upper lobes. T: uberculosis: TB, especially healed or chronic cases, can cause upper lobe fibrosis. SCARAB S ystemic sclerosis: A connective tissue disease that can cause lower lobe fibrosis. C ryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis: A type of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis that often affects the lower lobes. A miodarone & other drugs: Many medications, like amiodarone, can cause drug-induced lung fibrosis, often in the lower lobes. R eumatoid arthritis: A connective tissue disease that can cause rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease, often with lower lobe involvement. A sbestosis: Exposure to asbestos can lead to lower lobe fibrosis. B ronchiectasis: An abnormal dilation of the airways, often associated with lower lobe fibrosis.

Answer 42

Pyrimethamine and Sulfadiazine: This is a common combination used to treat active infections, often combined with folinic acid (leucovorin) to reduce side effects, Other options may include clindamycin, azithromycin, or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, depending on the individual's situation and tolerance,

Answer 43

rare, inherited skin condition characterized by wart-like lesions, often on areas like the face, neck, and upper body. It's an autosomal dominant disorder, mutations in the ATP2A2 gene Oral retinoids like acitretin

Answer 44

, a chronic form of cutaneous lupus, can cause permanent hair loss, also known as scarring alopecia, if the rash on the scalp progresses to scarring. The inflammatory process of DLE can damage hair follicles and lead to their destruction, resulting in permanent hair loss. Topical or Intralesional Corticosteroids

Answer 45

Cefixime chloramphenicol - grey baby syndrome

Answer 46

within 72 hours of the onset of the rash severe

Answer 47

rare skin disorder characterized by fever and the sudden appearance of tender, red or purple lumps or patches on the skin. It's a reactive process where neutrophils, a type of white blood cell, gather in the skin, often in response to infection, cancer, or certain medications Tender, red or purple lumps (papules or nodules) or patches (plaques) that may become painful and even ulcerate. Systemic Symptoms: Other symptoms may include tiredness, joint pain, headaches, and mouth ulcers. Neutrophilic Dermatosis: The condition is classified as a neutrophilic dermatosis because neutrophils, a type of white blood cell, accumulate in the skin. Hypersensitivity Reaction: Sweet's syndrome is thought to be a hypersensitivity reaction by the immune system to a specific agent. causes - Infections of the respiratory or gastrointestinal, Malignancy, Autoimmune, pregnancy Corticosteroids oral

Answer 48

Respiratory Symptoms: Cough: A persistent cough, which may be dry initially but can progress to producing mucus or even blood. Shortness of Breath, Chest Pain, Pleuritic Chest Pain, relative bradicardia Systemic Symptoms: Fever: A high fever, often exceeding 104°F (40°C), is a common early symptom. Muscle Aches Headache: Headaches can be a prominent symptom, especially in the initial stages. Fatigue and Malaise Gastrointestinal Symptoms: Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain are frequently reported. Neurological Symptoms: Confusion, disorientation, and other mental changes can occur. Other Potential Manifestations: Skin Rash: In some cases, a rash may develop, with various presentations like maculopapular, indurated plaques, or hemorrhagic lesions. Renal Failure: In severe cases, kidney impairment can occur. invade and replicate within alveolar macrophages, hijacking the cells' defenses to proliferate gram negative

Answer 49

a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis frothy, greenish or yellowish, and have a foul odor), vulval itching, and painful urination. or asymptomatic asymptomatic, but some may experience urethral discharge, painful urination, or testicular pain. Incubation Period: 3 to 28 days of infection metronidazole, taken for 5-7 days. examining a sample of vaginal or urethral fluid under a microscope or using a urine sample. More sensitive tests, like nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs)

Answer 50

topical antibiotics oral tetracycline; 65% on erythromycin oral trimethoprine

Answer 51

an autoimmune disease where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks proteins in the basement membrane of the epidermis, leading to the formation of blisters. This occurs due to autoantibodies, specifically targeting BP180 and BP230 proteins, which are crucial for anchoring keratinocytes immunoglobulin G (IgG) autoantibodies bind to the skin basement membrane Nikolsky's sign: In bullous pemphigoid, the Nikolsky's sign is negative, which means the blisters don't easily slide away when touched Itching: This is a common early symptom and can precede the appearance of blisters by weeks or months. Rash: A red, itchy rash, sometimes resembling hives or eczema, may precede the blisters. Blisters: Large, tense, fluid-filled blisters are a hallmark of bullous pemphigoid. They often appear on the trunk, limbs, and flexures, says the Primary Care Dermatology Society. Mucosal Involvement:

Answer 52

Parvovirus B19, which causes erythema infectiosum (fifth disease), also replicates in bone marrow and can cause aplastic anemia, especially in individuals with underlying hemolytic anemia or immune disorders. In pregnant women, parvovirus B19 infection can lead to severe fetal anemia and, in rare cases, fetal death. lu-like illnesses, joint pain, and sometimes a rash. While the characteristic "slapped cheek" rash is more common in children, adults can also experience a rash, especially on the torso, arms, and legs. Joint pain, particularly in the hands, wrists, knees, and ankles, is a common symptom in adults. Joint Pain and Swelling: Arthralgia, or joint pain, and swelling are frequent symptoms Severe Illness: In rare cases, particularly in individuals with underlying conditions like sickle cell disease or weakened immune systems, parvovirus B19 can cause more severe complications like transient aplastic crisis (temporary cessation of red blood cell production) or anemia.

Answer 53

Hyperthyroidism: Graves' Disease: An autoimmune disorder where the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland. Toxic Multinodular Goiter: A condition where multiple nodules on the thyroid gland become overactive and produce excess hormone. Solitary Toxic Nodule: A single nodule on the thyroid gland that becomes overactive. Thyroiditis: Subacute Thyroiditis: A temporary inflammation of the thyroid gland. Postpartum Thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid gland after childbirth. Silent Thyroiditis: A type of thyroiditis that doesn't cause pain or other inflammatory symptoms. onycholysis.

Answer 54

flu-like symptoms, respiratory issues, and skin lesions. Initial symptoms may be mild and resemble the flu, but can quickly escalate to severe complications fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea (potentially bloody), nausea, and vomiting. Severe cases may involve vomiting of blood, bloody diarrhea, and potentially, the formation of ascites (fluid accumulation in the abdomen). Severe cases: Ascites (fluid accumulation in the abdomen) and intestinal perforation are possible complications.

Answer 55

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL): Lesions: Solitary or multiple skin sores, initially small red papules that ulcerate and may become crusted. Appearance: Ulcers are typically painless, but some may be moist and exude pus, while others dry with a crusted scab. Location: Lesions often appear on exposed skin, particularly on the face and extremities. Resolution: Most lesions resolve spontaneously, sometimes leaving residual scarring.

Answer 56

Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis (MCL): Lesions: Sores in the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, or throat, often developing after the primary cutaneous lesion resolves. Symptoms: Sneezing, nosebleeds, and nasal or oral ulcers. Complications: Severe disfigurement and potential for respiratory or neurological complications. Post Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL): Skin lesions: Develop after treatment for visceral leishmaniasis, characterized by hypopigmented or erythematous patches, papules, nodules, and plaques. Location: Lesions often appear on the face, upper body, and sometimes extremities. Geographic variations: The onset and duration of PKDL lesions vary depending on the region (e.g., Sudan vs. India).

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novanosis, is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Klebsiella granulomatis. It's characterized by painless, progressive ulcers on the genitals or perineum, which can bleed easily and be accompanied by subcutaneous granulomas (pseudobuboes) Donovan bodies on microscopic examination, especially when stained with Giemsa or Wright's stain, is a key diagnostic sign for donovanosis. antibiotics, such as azithromycin, doxycycline, or erythromycin.

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headache, stiff neck, vision or hearing problems, and changes in mental state or behavior. It can also manifest as strokes, seizures, or general paresis, with symptoms like personality changes, cognitive decline, and ataxia.

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sensory ataxia (unsteady gait), lancinating pains, bladder dysfunction, and visual changes. Argyll Robertson pupil:, Charcot joints, Sensory ataxia, Lancinating pains, Paresthesias, Loss of coordination and reflexes,

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bacteria roughly doubles every 24 hours nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections, are treated with a combination of antibiotics, and sometimes surgery. clarithromycin, azithromycin, rifampin, rifabutin, ethambutol, streptomycin, and amikacin. Radiological Findings: Atypical findings on chest X-rays or CT scans can include: Interstitial nodules Lower and middle lobe infiltrates Intrathoracic lymphadenopathy Pleural effusions Normal chest X-rays in some cases Nodular opacities, cavities, brochiectasis, and lymphadenopathy mimicking TB

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Fever, headache, and fatigue in the initial stages. Later, if untreated, the disease can progress to neurological problems like sleep disturbances, confusion, and poor coordination. pentamidine, suramin, melarsoprol, eflornithine, nifurtimox, and the newer drug fexinidazole. The specific treatment depends on the stage of the disease (first or second) and the type of trypanosome involved (T. brucei gambiense or T. brucei rhodesiense

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human herpesvirus type 6 (HHV-6) or, less commonly, human herpesvirus type 7 (HHV-7)

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Disseminated disease: Disseminated MAC infection in HIV patients can affect multiple organs and systems, leading to fever, night sweats, weight loss, abdominal pain, and diarrhea, Anemia and elevated alkaline phosphatase levels are often seen, particularly in disseminated disease.

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a paradoxical worsening of a pre-existing infection or the appearance of a new infection that occurs after starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) in people with HIV/AIDS. It's essentially a hyperinflammatory response fever, worsening of existing symptoms, new or worsening lung issues, or even neurological problems.

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Classic Kaposi's Sarcoma: This is the most rare and least aggressive type, typically affecting older men of Mediterranean, Eastern European, or Ashkenazi Jewish heritage. It often manifests as slow-growing skin lesions on the lower extremities. Endemic Kaposi's Sarcoma: This type is more common in equatorial Africa, particularly in children and young adults. It can be aggressive and may involve internal organs. AIDS-related (Epidemic) Kaposi's Sarcoma: This is the most common type in the United States and is associated with HIV/AIDS. It can affect various organs and is often considered an AIDS-defining illness. Iatrogenic Kaposi's Sarcoma (Transplant-related): This type develops in people whose immune systems are suppressed after organ transplantation. It's caused by the reactivation of HHV-8 virus.

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Primary Syphilis: Characterized by the appearance of one or more painless sores, called chancres, at the site of infection. These sores typically appear within 2-3 weeks of infection and may heal on their own within 3-6 weeks. Secondary Syphilis: Develops if primary syphilis is not treated and can manifest with a non-itchy rash, often on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, fever, swollen lymph nodes, and other flu-like symptoms. Latent Syphilis: Occurs after the primary and secondary stages and can last for many years. During this stage, the infection is not always active, and the person may not experience any symptoms, Spirochaeta pallida, is a microaerophilic, gram-negative

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a rare skin condition characterized by painful, rapidly growing ulcers, often with a purplish border. It's a neutrophilic dermatosis, meaning it involves an overabundance of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. The condition is not contagious and is not related to gangrene. corticosteroids or calcineurin inhibitors like tacrolimus may be used for mild cases. Oral corticosteroids, such as prednisolone, are often the first line of treatment for more severe cases,

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SONIC: S: ulfonamide allergy: Some protease inhibitors are chemically similar to sulfonamides, which can cause allergic reactions. O: rgan toxicity: Protease inhibitors can affect various organs, including the liver, kidneys, and heart, leading to toxicity. N: europathy: Peripheral neuropathy, or nerve damage, can occur as a side effect of protease inhibitors. I: nsulin resistance: These drugs can impair the body's ability to use insulin, leading to insulin resistance and potential hyperglycemia. C: reatine phosphokinase elevation: Elevated CK levels may indicate muscle damage, a side effect of some protease inhibitors.

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Brain imaging (CT or MRI) typically shows ring-enhancing lesions, which are characteristic of cerebral toxoplasmosis. antiparasitic drugs, and in HIV-infected individuals, antiretroviral therapy is also crucial.

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Hepatotoxicity: Anti-TB drugs, particularly isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide, are associated with liver damage, ranging from mild to severe. Regular monitoring of liver function tests (ALT and AST) If liver damage is severe, the responsible drugs may need to be withdrawn and reintroduced gradually after liver function returns to normal.

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Characterized by white, corrugated or shaggy patches on the tongue, primarily caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) Hairy leukoplakia presents as white, non-removable patches on the tongue, often with a corrugated or shaggy appearance. In situ hybridization (ISH) can be used to confirm the diagnosis by detecting EBV DNA.

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Initial Phase (Flu-like Illness): Fever, Fatigue, Headache, Muscle aches Nausea/Vomiting Second Phase (Neurological Symptoms): Stiff neck, Severe headache, photophobia, Confusion or disorientation, Seizures (fits), Weakness or loss of movement, Changes in behavior, slurred speech, Drowsiness or unresponsivenes

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A bacterial infection transmitted by Ornithodoros (soft) ticks, leading to recurring episodes of fever and other symptoms. It's caused by spirochetes of the genus Borrelia, and while primarily found in Africa, Asia, and parts of the Americas, imported cases have been reported in Europe, including the UK. Diagnosis: Diagnosed through microscopic examination of blood samples. Treatment: Treated with antibiotics like doxycycline, usually for 7-10 days.

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Key Features of PXE: Skin: Yellowish, waxy, cobblestone-like papules and loose folds, often appearing on the neck, armpits, and groin. Eyes: Angioid streaks (cracks in Bruch's membrane) and potential vision loss due to neovascularization. Vascular System: Premature atherosclerosis and potential for cardiovascular complications. Other: Gastrointestinal problems and musculoskeletal issues may also occur. autosomal recessive condition, ABCC6 gene muttion

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a serious infection that involves inflammation and blood clots in the internal jugular vein, a major vein in the neck, often following a throat infection bacterium Fusobacterium necrophorum 1. Primary Oropharyngeal Infection: 2. Extension to Lateral Pharyngeal Space: The infection spreads from the primary site (tonsils, pharynx) to the lateral pharyngeal space formation of peritonsillar or retropharyngeal abscesses. 3. Septic Thrombophlebitis of the Internal Jugular Vein: thrombophlebitis). Extrinsic compression and vessel occlusion- thrombus formation. 4. Septic Embolization: septic emboli (clots containing bacteria) Travel to various organs and tissues, leading to metastatic infections. 5. Metastatic Infections: pneumonia, pleural empyema), joints, bones, muscles, liver, spleen, and other organs. Septic emboli can also lead to other complications like septic shock. prolonged course of intravenous antibiotics

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characterized by facial redness, visible blood vessels, and sometimes papules and pustules Treatment of Rosacea: Topical Medications: Metronidazole, Azelaic acid, Brimonidine Ivermectin Oral Medications: Tetracyclines, Isotretinoin Lifestyle Changes: Avoid Triggers, Gentle Skin Care, Sun Protection

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pneumonia, bloodstream infections, urinary tract infections, and wound infections, often leading to serious complications like septicemia and septic shock. Pathological Features: Pneumonia: necrosis, inflammation, and hemorrhage. A thick, bloody, mucoid sputum, sometimes described as "currant jelly sputum," is characteristic. Bacteremia and Septicemia: bacteremia and, in more severe cases, septicemia and septic shock. Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) Wound and Surgical Site Infections: wound and surgical site infections Liver Abscesses: K. pneumoniae is known to cause liver abscesses, a serious complication of infection. Meningitis and Endophthalmitis: meningitis or endophthalmitis Nosocomial Infections: ventilators or catheters. Factors Contributing to Klebsiella Infections: Impaired Host Defenses: weakened immune systems or underlying health conditions, such as alcoholism or diabetes Antibiotic Resistance: carbapenems, making treatment more challenging.

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osquito-borne viral disease primarily found in Africa and South America Mild symptoms: Fever, headache, muscle pain (especially backache), nausea, and vomiting. Severe symptoms: Jaundice, bleeding, and organ failure, which can be fatal. Symptoms typically appear 3-6 days after infection.

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a rare disorder where too many mast cells, a type of white blood cell, accumulate in the body, primarily in the skin, bone marrow, liver, spleen, and intestines.skin rashes, digestive issues, and potentially life-threatening allergic reactions. Diagnosis - bone marrow biopsies and blood tests to check for specific genetic mutations and elevated levels of mast cell mediators.