Pharm Flashcards
What are schedule 1 drugs and examples?
high potential for abuse and not accepted medical use in the US
Ex. Heroin, LSD, MDMA, marijuna
What are schedule ll drugs and examples?
high potential for abuse with severe physical or psychological dependence; currently accepted use in the US
Ex. fentanyl, oxycodone, methyphendiate, hydrocodone, amphetamine, cocaine
What are schedule lll drugs and examples?
Intermediate abuse potential with moderate to low physical or psychological dependance
Ex. steroids, testosrone, ketamine
What are schedule lV drugs and examples?
Low abuse potential with limited physical or phychological dependence
Ex. Diazepam (Valium), alprazolam, tramadol
What are schedule V drugs and examples?
lowest abuse potential
Ex. pregabalin, dipheoxylate/atropine, dextromethorphan
A pharmacist can not dispense a schedule ll controlled subsance without what?
a written or electronic presciption
Prescriptions for controlled substances are limited to?
a 72-hr supply or 7 day under special circumstances
What is the leading enforcement agency at the state level?
the board of pharmacy
What are the phases of a new drug research?
- discovery - new drugs developed by new insights or technolgies etc
- development- compounds are tested for potential benefit
- Pre clinical studies- laboratory research on animals (3 types)
- clinical research testing - human research broken into 4 phases
5 Drug approval by FDA after several month review - New drug application
What are the three types of pre clinical research testing?
- Silico testing- experiments performed by a computer; virtual pharmacokinetics/ pharmcodynamics
- vitro testing- test tube/ laboratory dishes, reduces need for animal testing, does not mimic human complex systems
- vivo testing- medical test, experiment, or procedure done in a living organism, animal studies required, best to determine how a body wil respond, may have unexpected toxicities
What are the clinical research phases? (4)
What is a side effect?
mild, expected
self-limiting
helpful or harmful
does not hinder main affects of the drug
Ex. nose bleed from aspirin; hair growth from minoxidil
What is an adverse reaction?
unexpected, severe life-threatening
requires treatment
never desired
can hinder the main effects of the drug and cause more complications
ex. hair loss from chemo
birth defects from thalidomide
Define intolerance
patient unable to tolerate known side effects of a medication; not immune mediated
ex. nausea, diarrhea, dizziness
Define allergy
immune-mediated abnormal response to a medication; a type of hypersenitivity reaction
ex. hives, itching, lip tingling
Define anaphylaxis
a serious, life threatening allergic response
ex. wheezing, hives, difficulty breathing, swelling, of tongue or throat
Define wide therapeutic index
a larger window between a large dose and toxicity
define narrow therapeutic index
a small window between a a increased dose and toxicity
Define additive
combined response is equal to the combined responses of the individual drugs
Define synergic
combined response is greater than the combine responses of the individual drugs
define antagonism
drug inhibits the effects of another (opioids and naloxone)
What is the purpose of REMS?
to improve communication and safety
Define half life
time it takes to reduce the plasma concentration of a drug by 50%
onset of action
time to produce effects
duration of action
length of time drug produces effects
define absorption
transfer of medication from site of administration to the systemic circulation
oral medications are primarily absorbed where?
small intestine
define bioavailabilty
porportion of unchanged drug administered that reaches the systemic circulation; percent absorbed from the site of administration
What are the factors that impact disruption?
- size/polarity of drug
- protein binding- mainly bind to albumin
- special membranes - blood brain barrier; blood-placental membrane
- body composition
What is tthe cytochrome P450 enzyme?
enzymes that are membrane bound hemoproteins that are important in detoxification. metabolism, and homeostasis.
What are P450 inducers?
speed up the metabolism of a drug. increase excretion of medication
what are P450 inhibitors?
slow down drug metabolism, decrease excretion, and increase drug build up
ex. grapefruit juice
Two medications substrates metabolized by the same enzyme will _
-have difficulty metabolizing at the same time
-slows the metabolism of one or both medications
- increased drug concentration and toxicity may result
What happens when you combine a medication substrate and inducer?
inducer will increase the metabolism of the substrate - decreasing the concentration of the substrate
What happens when you combine a medication substrate and a inhibitor?
inhibitor will decrease the metabolism of the substrate; increasing the concentration of the substrate
define affinity
how strongly the drug binds to a receptor
define potency
amount of drug needed to produce an effect
high affinity= high potency
if a drug has high affinity it needs lower?
lower dose needed to elicit response
define intrinsic activity
ability of drug to activate receptors once bound
define efficacy/emax
mmaximal effect a drug can produce
define agonist
drug that mimics the action of a ligand by binding to and activating a receptor
define antagonist
drug that binds to a receptor without activating it; decreases the receptors ability to be ativated by another agonist
define full agonist
bind to and activate all receptors and have increased intrinisic factor
define partial agonist
bind to all receptors but have decrease intrinsic factor
define desensitization/tachphylaxis
rapid, can occur with initial dose
define tolerance
gradual, MC with repeated dose
What are the 5 abbreviations we can not use when writing a perscription?
- U for unit
- IU for international unit
- Q.D or Q.OD. for once daily or every other day
- Trailing zero ex. 10.0 mg
- MS, MSO4, MgSO4 for morphine sulfate and magnesium sulfate
