Pharm

Question 1

What are schedule 1 drugs and examples?

Answer 1

high potential for abuse and not accepted medical use in the US
Ex. Heroin, LSD, MDMA, marijuna

Question 2

What are schedule ll drugs and examples?

Answer 2

high potential for abuse with severe physical or psychological dependence; currently accepted use in the US
Ex. fentanyl, oxycodone, methyphendiate, hydrocodone, amphetamine, cocaine

Question 3

What are schedule lll drugs and examples?

Answer 3

Intermediate abuse potential with moderate to low physical or psychological dependance
Ex. steroids, testosrone, ketamine

Question 4

What are schedule lV drugs and examples?

Answer 4

Low abuse potential with limited physical or phychological dependence
Ex. Diazepam (Valium), alprazolam, tramadol

Question 5

What are schedule V drugs and examples?

Answer 5

lowest abuse potential
Ex. pregabalin, dipheoxylate/atropine, dextromethorphan

Question 6

A pharmacist can not dispense a schedule ll controlled subsance without what?

Answer 6

a written or electronic presciption

Question 7

Prescriptions for controlled substances are limited to?

Answer 7

a 72-hr supply or 7 day under special circumstances

Question 8

What is the leading enforcement agency at the state level?

Answer 8

the board of pharmacy

Question 9

What are the phases of a new drug research?

Answer 9

1. discovery - new drugs developed by new insights or technolgies etc
2. development- compounds are tested for potential benefit
3. Pre clinical studies- laboratory research on animals (3 types)
4. clinical research testing - human research broken into 4 phases
   5 Drug approval by FDA after several month review
5. New drug application

Question 10

What are the three types of pre clinical research testing?

Answer 10

1. Silico testing- experiments performed by a computer; virtual pharmacokinetics/ pharmcodynamics
2. vitro testing- test tube/ laboratory dishes, reduces need for animal testing, does not mimic human complex systems
3. vivo testing- medical test, experiment, or procedure done in a living organism, animal studies required, best to determine how a body wil respond, may have unexpected toxicities

Question 11

What are the clinical research phases? (4)

Answer 11

Question 12

What is a side effect?

Answer 12

mild, expected
self-limiting
helpful or harmful
does not hinder main affects of the drug
Ex. nose bleed from aspirin; hair growth from minoxidil

Question 13

What is an adverse reaction?

Answer 13

unexpected, severe life-threatening
requires treatment
never desired
can hinder the main effects of the drug and cause more complications
ex. hair loss from chemo
birth defects from thalidomide

Question 14

Define intolerance

Answer 14

patient unable to tolerate known side effects of a medication; not immune mediated
ex. nausea, diarrhea, dizziness

Question 15

Define allergy

Answer 15

immune-mediated abnormal response to a medication; a type of hypersenitivity reaction
ex. hives, itching, lip tingling

Question 16

Define anaphylaxis

Answer 16

a serious, life threatening allergic response
ex. wheezing, hives, difficulty breathing, swelling, of tongue or throat

Question 17

Define wide therapeutic index

Answer 17

a larger window between a large dose and toxicity

Question 18

define narrow therapeutic index

Answer 18

a small window between a a increased dose and toxicity

Question 19

Define additive

Answer 19

combined response is equal to the combined responses of the individual drugs

Question 20

Define synergic

Answer 20

combined response is greater than the combine responses of the individual drugs

Question 21

define antagonism

Answer 21

drug inhibits the effects of another (opioids and naloxone)

Question 22

What is the purpose of REMS?

Answer 22

to improve communication and safety

Question 23

Define half life

Answer 23

time it takes to reduce the plasma concentration of a drug by 50%

Question 24

onset of action

Answer 24

time to produce effects

Question 25

duration of action

Answer 25

length of time drug produces effects

Question 26

define absorption

Answer 26

transfer of medication from site of administration to the systemic circulation

Question 27

oral medications are primarily absorbed where?

Answer 27

small intestine

Question 28

define bioavailabilty

Answer 28

porportion of unchanged drug administered that reaches the systemic circulation; percent absorbed from the site of administration

Question 29

What are the factors that impact disruption?

Answer 29

1. size/polarity of drug 2. protein binding- mainly bind to albumin 3. special membranes - blood brain barrier; blood-placental membrane 4. body composition

Question 30

What is tthe cytochrome P450 enzyme?

Answer 30

enzymes that are membrane bound hemoproteins that are important in detoxification. metabolism, and homeostasis.

Question 31

What are P450 inducers?

Answer 31

speed up the metabolism of a drug. increase excretion of medication

Question 32

what are P450 inhibitors?

Answer 32

slow down drug metabolism, decrease excretion, and increase drug build up ex. grapefruit juice

Question 33

Two medications substrates metabolized by the same enzyme will _

Answer 33

-have difficulty metabolizing at the same time -slows the metabolism of one or both medications - increased drug concentration and toxicity may result

Question 34

What happens when you combine a medication substrate and inducer?

Answer 34

inducer will increase the metabolism of the substrate - decreasing the concentration of the substrate

Question 35

What happens when you combine a medication substrate and a inhibitor?

Answer 35

inhibitor will decrease the metabolism of the substrate; increasing the concentration of the substrate

Question 36

define affinity

Answer 36

how strongly the drug binds to a receptor

Question 37

define potency

Answer 37

amount of drug needed to produce an effect high affinity= high potency

Question 38

if a drug has high affinity it needs lower?

Answer 38

lower dose needed to elicit response

Question 39

define intrinsic activity

Answer 39

ability of drug to activate receptors once bound

Question 40

define efficacy/emax

Answer 40

mmaximal effect a drug can produce

Question 41

define agonist

Answer 41

drug that mimics the action of a ligand by binding to and activating a receptor

Question 42

define antagonist

Answer 42

drug that binds to a receptor without activating it; decreases the receptors ability to be ativated by another agonist

Question 43

define full agonist

Answer 43

bind to and activate all receptors and have increased intrinisic factor

Question 44

define partial agonist

Answer 44

bind to all receptors but have decrease intrinsic factor

Question 45

define desensitization/tachphylaxis

Answer 45

rapid, can occur with initial dose

Question 46

define tolerance

Answer 46

gradual, MC with repeated dose

Question 47

What are the 5 abbreviations we can not use when writing a perscription?

Answer 47

1. U for unit 2. IU for international unit 3. Q.D or Q.OD. for once daily or every other day 4. Trailing zero ex. 10.0 mg 5. MS, MSO4, MgSO4 for morphine sulfate and magnesium sulfate