Pharm 1

Question 1

Drug

Answer 1

a chemical substance used in the treatment, cure, prevention, or diagnosis of a disease or used to enhance physical or mental well-being

Question 2

Formulation

Answer 2

process by which different chemicals are combined to make a final product

Question 3

Solution (liquid formulation)

Answer 3

a homogeneous mixture of a solid, liquid or gas usually with a liquid

Question 4

Suspension (liquid formulation)

Answer 4

a mixture of a drug(s) with a liquid where the drug particles do not dissolve in the liquid

Question 5

Colloid (liquid formulation)

Answer 5

a homogeneous, noncrystalline substance consisting of large molecules or ultramicroscopic particles of one substance dispersed through a second substance. Colloids include gels, sols, and emulsions; the particles do not settle and cannot be separated out by ordinary filtering or centrifuging like those in a suspension

Question 6

Tincture (liquid formulation)

Answer 6

a preparation made by dissolving a drug in alcohol

Question 7

Syrup (liquid formulation)

Answer 7

a sugary liquid preparation that could be a solution, suspension or other and may contain alcohol

Question 8

Capsule (oral formulation)

Answer 8

drug formulation in which a shell, usually made of gelatin, is used to package the drug

Question 9

Tablet (oral formulation)

Answer 9

a hardened (often pressed under high pressure) condensed mass of drug

Question 10

Sublingual tablet (oral formulation)

Answer 10

tablet that is specifically designed to rapidly dissolve beneath the tongue and be absorbed under the tongue

Question 11

Troche/Lozenge (oral formulation)

Answer 11

a small, usually sweetened, hardened medicated mixture that is designed to be held in the mouth and slowly dissolve

Question 12

Immediate-release (IR) (oral formulation)

Answer 12

A formulation of a drug that allows for the the standard release of medication from the dosage form right after administration. (i.e., is NOT extended release)

Question 13

Extended-release (ER) (oral formulation)

Answer 13

A dosage form that allows for at least a two-fold reduction in dosing frequency as compared to immediate release form; drug releases slowly over time ex. 12 or 24 hr dosing. Also known as SR, XR, CR, LA, XT, CD

Question 14

Mechanism of action (MOA)

Answer 14

explanation of which specific molecular target(s) a drug binds to in order to cause a pharmacological effect

Question 15

Agonist

Answer 15

a chemical compound that binds to a receptor and causes the same response as the body’s endogenous chemical

Question 16

Antagonist

Answer 16

a chemical compound that binds to a receptor and blocks the response that the endogenous chemicals would cause

Question 17

Poison

Answer 17

a substance that through its mechanism of action kills, injures or impairs an organism

Question 18

Toxin

Answer 18

a poisonous substance that is a specific product of the metabolic activities of a living organism

Question 19

Toxicity

Answer 19

the degree to which a substance (toxin or poison) can harm an organism

Question 20

Antidote

Answer 20

a drug that counteracts the effects of a poison

Question 21

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 21

study of how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes and excretes a drug (what the body does to the drug)

Question 22

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 22

study of the biochemical and physiological effects of a drug on the body (what the drug does to the body)

Question 23

Concentration gradient

Answer 23

measurement of how the concentration of a chemical changes from one side of a permeable barrier to the other side

Question 24

Passive Diffusion

Answer 24

movement of molecules across a semipermeable membrane without the use of energy. Always down a concentration gradient (from higher concentration to lower concentration)

Question 25

Active Transport

Answer 25

movement of ions or molecules across a membrane against the electrochemical or concentration gradient with the use of energy

Question 26

Hydrophilic

Answer 26

having high affinity for water, readily absorbs or dissolves in water

Question 27

Hydrophobic/lipophilic

Answer 27

repels/unable to dissolve in water. Readily dissolves/absorbs into lipids

Question 28

Effectiveness

Answer 28

measurement of efficacy, tolerability and ease of use

Question 29

Efficacy

Answer 29

the ability of a drug to produces a desired and measurable effect

Question 30

Potency

Answer 30

measure of dose vs effect. Low dose with high effect is more potent than a high dose to get the same effect

Question 31

area under the curve

Answer 31

amount of drug present in circulation over a specific time frame

Question 32

Bioavailability

Answer 32

amount of drug systemically absorbed, available to the body after a dose

Question 33

Bioequivalence

Answer 33

two drugs with the same active ingredient(s) and the same formulation that have similar bioavailability

Question 34

ED50

Answer 34

effective dose in 50% of the population

Question 35

ED99

Answer 35

effective dose in 99% of the population

Question 36

TD50

Answer 36

toxic dose in 50% of the population

Question 37

LD50

Answer 37

lethal dose in 50% of the population

Question 38

Route of administration

Answer 38

the location/method that the drug is introduced to the body

Question 39

Enteral

Answer 39

Drug delivery via the digestive tract (stomach, duodenum, jejunum)

Question 40

Forms of Enteral

Answer 40

PO (by mouth-swallowed)

sublingual (SL): under the tongue

Question 41

Parenteral

Answer 41

Delivery that is not via the digestive tract (IV, IM, Sub-Q)

Question 42

Forms of Parenteral

Answer 42

Intravenous (IV) injection: directly into a vein

Intramuscular (IM) injection: directly into muscle

Subcutaneous (Sub-Q) injection: directly into fatty tissue

Transdermal (across the dermis, i.e., across the skin

Question 43

Topical

Answer 43

onto a surface (e.g., onto the skin)

Question 44

Opthalmic

Answer 44

into the eye(s)

Question 45

Otic

Answer 45

into the ear(s)

Question 46

Buccal

Answer 46

b/w the cheek and gums