pharm 1

Question 1

Cell bodies of the preganglionic fibres are located in the …

Answer 1

brain stem

Question 2

Cell bodies of postganglionic fibres are found

Answer 2

embedded in walls of the bronchi and bronchioles

Question 3

stimulation of postganglionic cholinergic fibres causes

Answer 3

“bronchial smooth muscle contraction mediated by M3 muscarinic ACh receptors on airway smooth muscle cells
increased mucus secretion mediated by M3 muscarinic ACh receptors on gland (goblet) cells”

Question 4

Stimulation of postganglionic noncholinergic fibres causes:

Answer 4

bronchial smooth muscle relaxation mediated by nitric oxide (NO) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)

Question 5

ganglion

Answer 5

bundle of neuron bodies in the PNS

Question 6

is human bronchial smooth muscle innervated

Answer 6

no

Question 7

stimulation of submucosal glands and smooth muscle of blood vessels causes

Answer 7

“bronchial smooth muscle relaxation via β2-adrenoceptors (β2-ADR) on ASM cells activated by adrenaline released from the adrenal gland
decreased mucus secretion mediated by β2-adrenoceptors on gland (goblet) cells
increased mucociliary clearance mediated by β2-adrenoceptors on epithelial cells (mucociliary escalator)
vascular smooth muscle contraction, mediated by α1-adrenoceptors on vascular smooth muscle cells”

Question 8

contraction of smooth muscle results from

Answer 8

phosphorylation of the regulatory myosin light chain (MLC) in the presence of elevated intracellular Ca2+ (and ATP)

Question 9

relaxation of smooth muscle results from

Answer 9

dephosphorylation of MLC by myosin phosphatase which has constitutive activity

Question 10

what relationship do MLCK and myosin phosphatase

Answer 10

they oppose each other

Question 11

In the presence of elevated intracellular Ca2+ the rate of phosphorylation…

Answer 11

exceeds the rate of dephosphrylation

Question 12

what does relaxation require and how is this achieved

Answer 12

requires return of intracellular Ca2+ concentration to basal level – achieved by primary and secondary active transport

Question 13

asthma

Answer 13

“Is a recurrent and reversible (in the short term) obstruction to the airways in response to certain substances (or stimuli)
intermittent attacks of bronchoconstriction”

Question 14

list some of the causes of asthma

Answer 14

“exercise (cold, dry air)
respiratory infections (e.g. viral)
allergens (in atopic individuals)
smoke, dust, environmental pollutants etc”

Question 15

asthmatic wheeze is caused by

Answer 15

turbulence

Question 16

effect of sympathetic and parasympathetic fibres on asthma symptoms

Answer 16

“sympathetic drives relief for asthma symptoms

parasympathetic drives asthma symptoms “

Question 17

relaxation effect on airway resistance

Answer 17

decrease

Question 18

calcium is stored in the __________ of smooth muscle

Answer 18

endoplasmic reticulum

Question 19

sensor in smooth muscle contraction process

Answer 19

calmodulin

Question 20

what does MLCK phosphorylate

Answer 20

contractile apparatus i.e. myosin

Question 21

pathological changes that occur as a result of the long standing inflammation involved in chronic asthma

Answer 21

“increased mass of smooth muscle (hyperplasia and hypertrophy)
accumulation of interstitial fluid (oedema)
increased secretion of mucus
epithelial damage (exposing sensory nerve endings)
Sub-epithelial fibrosis”

Question 22

Airway narrowing by ________ and _____________ increase airway resistance decreasing ____ and _______

Answer 22

inflammation, bronchoconstriction, FEV1, PEFR

Question 23

airway narrowing does what to airway resistance

Answer 23

INCREASES