Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Kinesiology II > Phalanges > Flashcards

Phalanges Flashcards

1
Q

The thumb is rotated almost __ degrees to the other digits. The metacarpal of the thumb is also positioned well _____ to the other metacarpals

A

90; anterior or palmar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What depend on the thumb flexing in plane that intersects (versus parallels) the plane of the flexing finger?

A

Optimal prehension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the arches of the hand?

A
  1. proximal transverse arch
  2. Distal transverse arch
  3. Longitudinal arch
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where does the proximal transverse arch pass through? what is its keystone? is it static or mobile?

A
  • distal row of carpal bones
  • Capitate is the keystone.
  • This arch is static
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where does the distal transverse arch pass through? what is its keystone? is it static or mobile?

A
  • the Metacarpal phalangeal (MCP) joints
  • Keystone: central (2nd and 3rd) metacarpals
  • Sides are mobile
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where does the longitudinal arch pass through? what is its keystone? is it static or mobile?

A
  • Follows the general shape of the second and third rays.

- Keystone is the second and third MCP joints.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the transverse arches of the hand joined together by? what is its purpose?

A

a “rigid tie-beam” provided by the second and third meta carpals
- reinforces the entire arch system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

a special term describing the movement of the thumb across the palm, making direct contact with the tip of any finger

A

opposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Does the 3rd finger adduct or abduct?

A

No, it ulnar and radially deviates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What plane is flexion and extension in for the thumb? adduction and abduction?

A

frontal plane; sagittal plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the two phases of opposition of the thumb?

A
  1. abduction

2. flexion and medially rotates across the palm toward the small finger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the closed pack position for the thumb CMC joint?

A

full opposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What muscle guides the thumb into opposition?

A

opponens pollicis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Full opposition incorporates ____ degrees of medial rotation of the thumb

A

45-60

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What digits form a stable pillar? what is this pillar called?

A

2nd and 3rd; central pillar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does the stability of the 2nd and 3rd CMCs and the mobility of the 1st, 4th, and 5th CMCs allow?

A

the concavity of the palm to firmly fit around many objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

All CMC joints of the finger are surrounded by articular capsules and strengthened by multiple dorsal, palmar, and interosseous ligaments. Which ones are particularly well developed?

A

dorsal ligaments, especially around the middle CMC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which digits have complex saddle joints?

A

2nd and 3rd

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which digits have flat to slightly convex and articulate with a slightly concave articular surface of the hamate?

A

4th and 5th

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

which metacarpal heads move while clenching a fist?

A

4th and 5th

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What allow the thumb to fully oppose, thereby easily contacting the tips of the other digits?

A

saddle shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Is the CMC of the thumb relatively loose or fixed? how many ligaments does it have?

A

loose; 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Abduction and adduction are based on the [convex/ concave] articular surface of the thumb MC moving on the fixed [convex/ concave] diameter of the trapezium

A

Convex; concave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Flexion and extension are based on the [convex/ concave] articular surface of the thumb MC moving on the fixed [convex/ concave] diameter of the trapezium

A

concave; convex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What shape are the MCP joints of the fingers?

A

Large, ovoid articulations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is embedded within the capsule of each MCP joint that provide mechanical stability?

A
  • radial and ulnar collateral ligs (cord [dorsal] and accessory parts [fan-shaped fibers attach distally along the edge of the palmar plate])
  • palmar plates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

form tunnels (or pulleys) for the extrinsic finger flexors and are attached to the palmar side of the plates

A

Fibrous digital sheaths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the primary function of the palmar plate?

A

strengthen the structure of the MCP joints and limit extremes of extension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What attaches between the palmar plate of each MCP joint and help interconnect them?

A

three deep transverse MC ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What forms the concave component of the MCP joint?

A
  1. The articular surface of the proximal phalanx
  2. the collateral ligaments
  3. the dorsal surface of the palmar plate
    - 3 sided receptacle accès the heads of the metacarpals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What reinforces the palmar plate in hyper extension?

A

Check-rein ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

The arthrokinematics at the MCP joint are based on the [convex/ concave] articular surface of the phalanx moving against the [convex/ concave] metacarpal head

A

Concave; convex

- note: first dorsal interosseus muscle directs the arthrokinematics & stabilizes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the closed pack position of the MCP joint? loose pack?

A 
CP = 70 degrees flexion
OP = 20 degrees flexion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Is there more abduction/ adduction when the MCP is flexed or extended?

A

extended
- collateral ligaments are near taut in full flexion and the articular surface contacts the palmar part of the metacarpal heads in flexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What does proper splinting in closed pack position (for the fingers) reduce?

A
  1. collateral ligaments becoming taut
  2. extrinsic extensor muscles elongated
    - volar/palmar plate determine how splinting occurs because creep will not revert
36
Q

What special articulation helps guide IP joints into flexion and extension as it restricts axial rotation?

A

tongue-in-groove articualation

37
Q

What do the PIP joints have (which DIP joints lack) that strengthen the palmar plate and resist hyper extension?

A

Check-reign ligaments

38
Q

What are the accessory ligaments that reinforce the IP joints?

A

collateral ligaments

39
Q

What is the ROM at the PIP joint?

A

100- 120 degrees

40
Q

What is the ROM at the DIP joint?

A

70-90 degrees

- up to 30 degrees of hyperextension

41
Q

what is the close-pack position of the IP joints?

A

near full extension

  • during immobilization of the hand, IP joints are in near or full extension
  • Places a stretch on the palmar plates, collateral ligaments, and extrinsic finger flexor muscles, reducing the likelihood of flexion contracture of these joints
42
Q

What is the primary action of the FDS?

A

Flex the PIP joints

  • can be controlled independently
  • splits at PIP to allow passing of FDP tendon
43
Q

What is the sole flexor of the DIP joint?

A

FDP

  • limited independent digit action
  • people who can independently flex DIP tend to have hyperextension at PIP palmar plate
44
Q

What is the sole flexor at the IP joint of the thumb?

A

Flexor pollicis longus

45
Q

The extrinsic flexor tendons of the digits travel to their distal attachment in protective fibs-osseous tunnels known as ________.

A

fibrous digital sheath

46
Q

Embedded within each digital sheath are discrete bands of tissue called _____.

A

Flexor pulleys

  • 5 annular pulleys
  • 3 less distinct cruciate pulleys
47
Q

Flexor tendons and surrounding synovial membrane may become inflamed. Associated swelling limits the space within th sheath and there restricts gliding action of the tendons; tendons may develop a nodule and become wedged within the stenosis region of the sheath, thereby blocking movement of the digit. With additional force, the tendon may suddenly slip through the constriction with a snap. what is this condition?

A

Trigger finger

48
Q

The extrinsic digital flexors act on multiple joints, from the DIP joint to the elbow. What is required to neutralized undesired actions of digital flexors?

A

wrist extensor and digital extensor muscles

-produces a lot of compression forces

49
Q

Actively extending the wrist produces a passive flexion of the fingers and thumb because of the increased passive tendon in the stretched flexor muscles. this generation of passive movement at other joints is referred to as _________

A

tenodesis action

50
Q

What do people with C6 quadriplegia (paralyzed finger flexors and extensors) used in order to grasp objects?

A

tenodesis

51
Q

What are the extrinsic extensors of the fingers?

A
  1. extensor digitorum
  2. extensor indices
  3. extensor digiti minimi
52
Q

A small slip of the EDC tendon attaches to the base of the dorsal side of the proximal phalanx. the remaining tendon flattens into _____, forming the “backbone” of the extensor mechanism to each finger. Where does this portion of the tendon attach?

A

Central band; dorsal base of the middle phalanx

53
Q

Before crossing the PIP joint, two __________ diverge from the central band of the EDC. More distally, these fuse into a single terminal tendon that attaches to

A

lateral bands; the dorsal base of the distal phalanxe

54
Q

What do the multiple attachments of the extensor mechanism into phalanges allow the EDC to do?

A

Transfer extensor force distally throughout the entire finger

55
Q

What important connections allow the intrinsic muscles to assist the EDC with extension of the PIP and DIP joints?

A

The transverse and oblique fibers of the dorsal hood

- interossei and umbricals attach into these fibers

56
Q

What does isolated contraction of the EDC cause?

A

Hyperextension of the MCP joints

- requires intrinsic m’s for fully extended PIP and DIP joints

57
Q

What are the extrinsic extensors of the thumb?

A
  1. Extensor pollicis longus
  2. Extensor pollicis brevis
  3. Abductor pollicis longus
    - create the “Anatomic Snuffbox”
58
Q

Despite their relatively small size, the intrinsic muscles are essential for fine control of the digits. What are the 4 sets of intrinsic muscles?

A
  1. Muscles of the thenar eminence
  2. Muscles of the hypothenar eminence
  3. Two heads of the adductor pollicis
  4. The lumbricals and Interossei
59
Q

What are the muscles of the thenar eminence?

A
  1. Abductor pollicis brevis
  2. Flexor pollicis brevis,
  3. Opponens pollicis
60
Q

If there is a disruption of the median nerve, we lose all muscles of the thenar eminence. What will you see?

A

muscle atrophy; flattening out of the eminence with loss of muscle bulk

61
Q

What are the muscles of the hypothenar eminence?

A
  1. Flexor Digiti Minimi
  2. Abductor Digiti Minimi
  3. Opponens Digiti Minimi
  4. Palmaris Brevis
62
Q

What is the common function of the hypothenar eminence?

A

rais and cup the ulnar border of the had

-action deepens the distal transverse arch and enhances digital contact with held objects

63
Q

What nerve injury can result in complete paralysis of the hypothenar muscles?

A

ulnar nerve

64
Q

What do the lumbricals distally blend with?

A

Oblique fibers of the the dorsal hood

-exert a pull through the central and lateral bands of the extensor mechanism

65
Q

Position of the hand that produces a combined MCP joint flexion and IP joint extension

A

intrinsic-plus

- simultaneously contraction of the intrinsic m’s of fingers

66
Q

Position of the hand that produces MCP hyperextension and IP flexion

A 
extrinsic plus (or intrinsic-minus)
- simultaneously contract the extrinsic m's of fingers
67
Q

What is the indirect effect of the intrinsic muscles of the fingers?

A

They produce a flexion torque at the MCP joint, preventing the EDC from hyperextending the MCP
- this blocking allows the EC effectively tense the extensor mechanism to completely extend the IP joints

68
Q

What nerve injury results in “clawing” due to EDC activation causing MCP joints to hyperextend and the IP joint to remain partially flexed?

A

Ulnar nerve

  • intrinsic m’s are inactivated
  • called intrinsic minus
69
Q

Ligament that courses from the palmar side of the PIP to the dorsal side of the DIP and coordinates extension between the two joints

A

Oblique retinacular ligament

70
Q

What may cause the oblique reticular ligaments to become tight?

A
  1. Arthritis
  2. trauma
  3. Dupuytren’s contracture
71
Q

The wrist flexors offset the large extension potential of the EDC at the wrist. The wrist actually flexes slightly during rapid and complete finger extension. What does wrist flexion help maintain?

A

Optimal length of the EDC during active finger extension

72
Q

During active finger flexion the lumbricals are not activated, but still assist the action passively. How does this occur?

A

They are stretched in a proximal direction owing to the contraction of FDP and at the same time are stretched in a distal direction owing to the distal migration of the extensor mechanism

73
Q

What is lost if a median nerve injury occurs at the elbow? below the elbow?

A

At elbow:
- lose forearm pronator/ flexor m’s
- lose thenar eminence and lateral lumbricals
- sensory loss to lateral hand
- ape hand deformity
Below elbow:
- forarm pronator/ flexor muscle will be in tact

74
Q

Causes pain and paresthesia over median nerve distribution; progression to muscle weakness and atrophy

A

Carpal tunnel syndrome

75
Q

What is lost if an ulnar nerve injury occurs at the elbow? below the elbow?

A 
At elbow:
- FCU and medial FDP
- Adductor Pollicis
- Medial lumbricals
- Interossei
- Bishops hand
- Sensory loss to medial hand
Below elbow:
- FCU and FDP intact
76
Q

What is lost if a radial nerve injury occurs at the elbow? below the elbow?

A 
Above elbow:
- Lose forearm extensors/ supinators
- Sensory loss to dorsum of forearm and hand
- Wrist drop deformity
Below elbow:
- No motor loss
- Only sensory loss
77
Q

What muscle activates with a low power fist? high power?

A
  • Almost exclusively the FDP (EDC = consistent activity as well for extension brake at MCP joint)
  • FDS
78
Q

Describes the ability of the fingers and thumb to grasp or to seize, often for holding securing, and picking up objects

A

prehension

79
Q

Chronic synovitis; Reduce the tensile strength of the periarticular connective tissues; Forces from muscle contraction and the external environment can destroy the mechanical integrity of a joint.

A

deformities caused by RA

80
Q

CMC joint flexion (and adduction), MCP joint hyperextension, and IP joint flexion; Starts with instability of the CMC joint, followed by a flexion and adduction contracture

A

Zigzag deformity of the thumb

81
Q

What are the two most common deformities of the MCP?

A
  1. Palmar dislocation

2. ulnar drift

82
Q

The collateral ligaments may rupture because of constant bowstringing force; Over time the proximal phalanx may translate in a palmar direction, resulting in a completely dislocated MCP joint

A

Palmar dislocation

83
Q

The contact force of the thumb causes the MCP joint of the index finger to be pushed ulnarly; Increasing the deflection of the EDC; Rupture of the transverse fibers allows the EDC tendon to slip toward the ulnar side of the joint’s axis of rotation

A

Ulnar drift

84
Q

Palmer plates overstretched; Lateral bands shift dorsal from overactive intrinsics

A

Swan-neck deformity

85
Q

Ruptured central band; Lateral bands slip palmer

A

Boutonniere deformity

Kinesiology II (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions