PHA 619 LAB Aromatic Waters, Solutions, and Syrups Flashcards
Liquid preparation, which contains one or more substances
dissolved in a suitable solvent
Solutions
Advantages of Solutions:
Mnemonic: CIF
- Completely homogenous base
- Immediate availability for absorption
- Flexibility (dose, route)
Simplest and most common liquid preparation
Solutions
Disadvantages of Solutions:
Mnemonic: DM
- Degrade more rapidly
- More likely to interact with constituents
Solubility: Parts of Solvent Required for 1 Part of Solute
Term: Very Soluble
<1
Solubility: Parts of Solvent Required for 1 Part of Solute
Term: Freely Soluble
1-10
Solubility: Parts of Solvent Required for 1 Part of Solute
Term: Soluble
10-30
Solubility: Parts of Solvent Required for 1 Part of Solute
Term: Sparingly Soluble
30-100
Solubility: Parts of Solvent Required for 1 Part of Solute
Term: Slightly Soluble
100-1,000
Solubility: Parts of Solvent Required for 1 Part of Solute
Term: Very Slightly Soluble
1,000-10,000
Solubility: Parts of Solvent Required for 1 Part of Solute
Term: Insoluble
> 10,000
Most commonly used solvent
Water
Type of Water:
Obtained by distillation, ion-exchange, reverse osmosis, etc.
Purified Water, USP
Type of Water:
Used in preparation of aqueous dosage forms EXCEPT for parenterals
Purified Water, USP
Type of Water:
Purified water FREE of pyrogens
Water for injection, USP
Type of Water:
Obtained by distillation or reverse osmosis
Water for injection, USP
Type of Water:
Used for parenteral that are to be sterilized after preparation
Water for injection, USP
Type of Water:
Used for already sterilized and packaged medication
Sterile water for injection, USP
Type of Water:
SWFI that contains antimicrobial agent
Bacteriostatic water for injection, USP
Type of Water:
Not for parenteral
Sterile water for Inhalation, USP
Type of Water:
WFI sterilized and suitably packaged
Sterile water for Irrigation, USP
Type of Water:
“For irrigation use only, not for injection”
Sterile water for Irrigation, USP
Type of Water:
Agua Oxinada
Sterile water for Irrigation, USP
Type of Water:
Burrow’s Solution (Aluminum Acetate Solution)
Sterile water for Irrigation, USP
Two Examples of Aqueous Liquids: Aromatic Water
Cinnamon Water and Concentrated Peppermint Water
Clear saturated aqueous solution of volatile oil or other aromatic or volatile substance
Aromatic water
Odors or taste are the same as those of the drug or volatile
substance from which they are prepared and should be free
from empyreumatic and other foreign odor
Aromatic water
Generally used as flavored and perfumed vehicle
Aromatic water
Volatile substances used should be of pharmacopeial quality or
the best quality if finest flavor is desire in case of unofficial
preparation
Aromatic water
Stability of Aromatic Water
Mnemonic: 2P2D
Preparations are not permanently stable
Protection from excessive light and heat
Deterioration may be due to volatilization
Decomposition/ mold growth/ producing cloudy preparation/ disagreeable odor
Slowest, most expensive method but the most satisfactory method of preparation
Distillation Preparation
Example of aromatic water that underwent through distillation process
Strong rose water
Type of distillation when distillate is returned several times to distill with fresh portions of flower
Cohobation
Double distillate, triple or quadruple minimizes ______
loss of water-soluble components
Orange/ Rose flowers
Cohobation
The most frequently employed process of preparing aromatic water
Alternate Solution Method
True or False: The dispersing agent decreases the surface of volatile substance ensuring more rapid saturation of water and forms an efficient filter bed thus producing a turbid solution
False
The dispersing agent INCREASES the surface of volatile substance ensuring more rapid saturation of water and forms an efficient filter bed thus producing a CLEAR solution
Examples of Distilled Beverages
Mnemonic: BRWW
Brandy - distilled wine
Rhum - molasses
Wine - mild stimulant and tonic
Whiskey - malted grain
Brandy: ___
distilled wine
Rhum: ___
molasses
Wine: ___
mild stimulant and tonic
Whiskey: ___
malted grain
A method that saves time and equipment but do not agitate when drawing aromatic water if the excess volatile oil is allowed to remain
Direct Solution Method
Liquid preparation that contain one or several soluble chemical substance dissolve in suitable solvent or mixture of mutual miscible liquids
Solution
Two components of Solution
Solvent and Solute
The one that is being dissolves
Solute
The one that dissolves
Solvent
Prepared by dissolving the solute in a suitable solvent
Simple Solution
Examples of simple solutions
NaCl solution, Strong Iodine Solution
Prepared by reacting two or more solute with each other in a suitable solvent
Solutions by Chemical Reaction
Examples of simple solutions by chemical reaction
Mnemonic: AMS
Aluminum subacetate solution, Magnesium citrate solution, Sulfurated lime solution
If the solute is a volatile oil
Solution by Distillation
Drug or pharmaceutical necessities of vegetable or animal origin, also called extractives
Solution by Extraction
Method of Extraction: Submerging of solute
Maceration
Method of Extraction: Using percolator
Percolation
Method of Extraction: Aid of gentle heat
Digestion
Method of Extraction: Blanching, addition of hot water
Infusion
Method of Extraction: Boiling for 15 min
Decoction
Solvent used for extraction
Menstrum
Inert fibrous material and other insoluble materials remaining after extraction
Marc
Preparation of liquid (tinctures), semisolid (soft extracts), or solid (dry extracts)
Extracts
Category of Calcium Hydroxide Topical Solution
Topical solution
Clear, colorless solution with an alkaline taste
Calcium Hydroxide Topical Solution
Synonym of Calcium Hydroxide Topical Solution
Lime water
Uses of Calcium Hydroxide Topical Solution
Employed with other ingredients in dermatological solution and lotion
Astringent
As protector in lotion preparation and an emulsifying agent
Method of preparation used in preparing Calcium Hydroxide Topical Solution
The method preparation was simple method
True or False: Undissolved portion is not suitable for preparation of additional quantity of Ca(OH)2 solution to ensure saturated solution.
True
Bottle should be filled up to the ___
brim
True or False: The solution (Calcium Hydroxide Topical Solution) should be stored in well-filled, tightly stoppered containers to deter the adsorption of CO2 and should be kept in a cool place to maintain an adequate concentration of dissolved solute.
False
The solution (Calcium Hydroxide Topical Solution) should be stored in well-filled, tightly stoppered containers to deter the ABSORPTION of CO2 and should be kept in a cool place to maintain an adequate concentration of dissolved solute.
Category of Strong Iodine Solution
Topical Solution
Synonym of Strong Iodine Solution
Lugol’s solution, Iodine Potassium Iodide, Liquor iodi, Aqueous Iodine Solution
Learning Tool: LILA
A liquid with a deep brown color and odor
of iodine
Strong Iodine Solution
Uses of Strong Iodine Solution
Treatment of thyrotoxicosis
Antigoiterogenic
Germicidal and fungicidal
Antiseptic
Keratolytic
Learning Tool: KAGAT
Method of preparation used in preparing Strong Iodine Solution
The method preparation was simple method
Why does porcelain spatula is used instead of metal spatula?
In weighing the iodine crystals, use porcelain spatula instead of stainless because it reacts with metal
True or False: KI is used as solubilizing agent
True
Category of Magnesium Citrate Solution
Saline catarthic
Synonyms of Magnesium Citrate Solution
Citrate, Citrate of magnesia, Magnessi citralis, Lemonada purgante
Learning Tool: C Czarina ay Maganda at Loveable AYYEE
It is a colorless to slightly yellow, clear effervescent liquid having a sweet acidulous taste and a lemon flavor
Magnesium Citrate Solution
Uses of Magnesium Citrate Solution
Saline cathartic, increases water in the intestines, which may induce defecation
It is a naturally occurring material
Magnesium (Mg)
It is important for many systems in the body especially the muscles and nerves
Magnesium (Mg)
It acts as a natural calcium blocker to help muscles relax
Magnesium (Mg)
Method of preparation used in preparing Magnesium Citrate Solution
The method of preparation used was chemical reaction
A method done to the bottle to prevent the growth of microorganism
Sterilizing
True or False: Magnesium Citrate Solution has always been simple to do because it has a tendency to deposit a crystalline solid upon standing that is due to the formation of some almost insoluble normal Mg citrate.
False
Magnesium Citrate Solution has always been a “troublesome” because it has a tendency to deposit a crystalline solid upon standing. This is due to the formation of some almost insoluble normal Mg citrate.
True or False: The cause of the problem in Magnesium Citrate Solution has largely attributed to the indefinite composition of the official MgCO3 which by definition is a acidic hydrated MgCO3 or a normal hydrated MgCO3
False
The cause of the problem in Magnesium Citrate Solution has largely attributed to the indefinite composition of the official MgCO3 which by definition is a BASIC hydrated MgCO3 or a normal hydrated MgCO3
The solution that provides an excellent medium for the growth of molds, and any mold spores present during the manufacture of the solution that must be killed for the preparation to remain stable
Magnesium Citrate Solution
True or False: During the preparation of Magnesium Citrate Solution, liquid is heated to boiling (prior to carbonation); boiled water is employed to bring the solution to its proper volume
True
Ways to prevent contamination in Magnesium Citrate Solution
Sterilizing the bottle, or rinsing the bottle with boiling water, or sterilizing the final solution
True or False: Mg citrate solution is stored in a hot place keeping the bottle on its side so the cork or rubber liner of the cap is kept moist or swollen, thereby maintaining the airtight seal between the cap and the bottle
False
Mg citrate solution is stored in a cold place, preferably in a refrigerator, keeping the bottle on its side so the cork or rubber liner of the cap is kept moist or swollen, thereby maintaining the airtight seal between the cap and the bottle
A concentrated solution of a sugar usually sucrose in water
Syrup
3 kinds of syrup
- Simple Syrup
- Medicated Syrup
- Flavored Syrup
it is a clear, concentrated, sweet, aqueous, hypertonic solution of sugar with striations
Simple syrup
Aqueous solution of sucrose that contains pharmaceutically active ingredient and has a therapeutic effect
Medicated Syrup
Ferrous sulfate, Ipecac is an example of what type of syrup
Medicated Syrup
It contains aromatic and pleasantly flavored substance and is intended as a vehicle or flavor for prescription
Flavored/Non-Medicated Syrup
A type of syrup that does not contain an active ingredient
Flavored/Non-Medicated Syrup
An example of syrup that masks the bitter taste of alkaloids
Glycyrrhiza syrup
A type is syrup that is used to serve as flavorant
Chocolate syrup
A fast method wherein sucrose is added to water and heated until solution is effected
Agitation with Heat
True or False: Excessive heating will cause inversion of sucrose –> glucose + fructose (sweeter, with a decreased tendency to ferment)
False
Excessive heating will cause inversion of sucrose –> glucose + fructose (sweeter, with an INCREASED tendency to ferment)
True or False: Overheating (>100) –> caramelize, yellowish to blackish in color
False
Overheating (>100) –> caramelize, yellowish to brownish in color
Acacia syrup, cocoa syrup is done through what type of method of preparation of syrup
Agitation with Heat
A method preparation of syrup that avoids heat-induced inversion
Agitation without Heat
A method preparation of syrup used for substances that are heat-sensitive
Agitation without Heat
A method preparation of syrup that is slowest, time-consuming
Agitation without Heat
Example of syrup that is produced through agitation without heat method
Ferrous Sulfate syrup
It permits the purified water to pass slowly through a bed of crystalline sucrose to dissolve it
Percolation (Examples: Tolu Balsam, Syrup NF)
It involves the simple admixture of sugar to a prepared medicated liquid; not self-preserving
Addition of sucrose to medicated liquid
An example of syrup (Addition of sucrose to medicated liquid)
Senna Syrup
Components of Syrup
- The sugar, usually sucrose or sugar substitute
- Antimicrobial preservatives
- Flavorants
- Colorants
Also, many types of syrups contain special solvents, solubilizing agents, thickeners or stabilizers
Learning Tool: CFAT (College of Fine Arts and Tesign)
True or False: Many types of syrups contain special solvents, solubilizing agents, thickeners or stabilizers
True
Specific gravity of simple syrup
1.313
The concentration of simple syrup should be?
The concentration of syrup should be 85% w/v or 65% w/w
What percent of concentration makes the syrup self-preserving due to high osmotic pressure
60-80% w/w
↓60% concentration prone to microbial growth
↑85% concentration can crystallize the sucrose present
Synonyms of Simple Syrup
Syrupus, Sirup, syrup
It is clear solution of sucrose in purified water
Simple Syrup
Uses of Simple Syrup
Sweetening agent and a sweet vehicle and as basis for many flavored and medicated syrup
Synonyms of Chocolate Syrup
Cacao Syrup, Chocolate Flavored Syrup
A viscous, dark brown syrup with the odor and taste of cocoa
Chocolate Syrup
It is used as flavored vehicle
Chocolate Syrup
True or False: Cocoa containing NMT 15% non-volatile ether soluble extractives or fats yields syrup having a minimum tendency to separate
False
Cocoa containing NMT 12% non-volatile ether soluble extractives or fats
yields syrup having a minimum tendency to separate
Preservatives added to prevent bacterial and mold growth when sucrose concentration is low
Sodium benzoate and glycerin