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MPharm 2 - PH2107 > PH2107 - suspension, colloids & nanoparticles 1 > Flashcards

PH2107 - suspension, colloids & nanoparticles 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe a solution

A

A dispersion of individual molecules dissolved in a solvent
Contains NO BITS
Monophasic (homeogenous)

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2
Q

Give three examples of a disperse system

A

Colloids
Nanoparticles
Suspensions

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3
Q

What are disperse systems considered to contain?

A

Bits

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4
Q

What are disperse systems made of?

A

Undissolved particles (solid) or droplet (liquid) in nanometer or micrometer range

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5
Q

Describe a disperse system

A

Biphasic (except emulsions, which are liquid/liquid)

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6
Q

What is the difference between the two biphasic disperse systems?

A

The particles in a coarse dispersion/suspension are greater than 1000nm in diameter
The particles in a colloid are less than 1000nm in diameter

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7
Q

What is the difference between a suspension, a colloid and an emulsion?

A

Suspensions and colloids are biphasic

Emulsions are monophasic (immiscible liquid globules)

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8
Q

What are the two possible states of disperse systems?

A

Lyophilic

Lyophobic

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9
Q

What is lyophilic?

A 
Solvent attracting, solvent loving, well solvated
Water as dispersant, hydrosol
Readily solvated, stable
Increased viscosity
Easy to prepare, difficult to separate
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10
Q

What is lyophobic?

A

Solvent repelling, solvent hating, poorly solvated
Difficult to prepare, unstable
Viscosity same as continuous phase

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11
Q

Give an example of a lyophobic system

A

Metal in water, colloidal gold

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12
Q

Describe a colloid or nanoparticle

A

Particle size between 1nm - 100nm
Particles not resolved by ordinary microscope (electron microscope)
Disperse phase does not settle on standing - particles separable by ultracentrifugation (very high g) but not centrifugation
Particles pass through filter paper but not through semipermeable membrane
Diffuse very slowly
Can be drug or excipient, or drug-excipient complex

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13
Q

Describe a coarse dispersion or suspension

A

Particle size 0.5um - 500nm
Particles are visible under ordinary microscope (electron microscope)
Particles settle under gravity, by gravity
Do not pass through filter paper or semipermeable membrane
Do not diffuse

poorly water soluble drug in solution, and
excess drug as particulates (cannot dissolve)

Drug in solution at low concentration
(low solubility) but at saturation, so high
chemical potential
Susceptible to settling, therefore ‘thickening agent’ added

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14
Q

Give three examples of a coarse dispersion or suspension

A

Emulsion
Suspension
Red blood cells

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15
Q

Give examples of an association colloid

A

Vesicle
Micelle
Liposome

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16
Q

How are association colloids made?

A

Usually formed from surfactants and lipids

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17
Q

Give examples of colloidal nanoparticles

A

Polymers (e.g. PLGA, PNIPAM)
Metallic (e.g. gold or silver)
Carbon nanotubes
Dendrimers

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18
Q

What are the four uses/decorations for liposomes?

A

Conventional liposome
PEGylated liposome
Ligand targeted liposome
Multifunctional liposome

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19
Q

What is the function of a conventional liposome?

A

Hydrophobic drug carried within the membrane
Genetic material carried within the core
Hydrophilic drug carried within the core
Phospholipid membrane (e.g. anionic, cationic or neutral)

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20
Q

What is the structure of a PEGylated liposome?

A

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) bound to phosphate head in membrane

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21
Q

Which ligands can be used to produce a ligand targeted liposome?

A
  • aptamer
  • antibody
  • protein
  • peptide
  • small molecules
  • carbohydrates
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22
Q

Which ligands can be used to produce a multifunctional liposome (theranostic liposome)?

A 
Imaging agent (e.g. Gd-DOTA-DSPE for MRI)
Targeting ligand (e.g. antibody)
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23
Q

What is the size range of a nanoparticle?

A

1nm to 100nm

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24
Q

What are the shapes of nanoparticles?

A
  • sphere
  • cube
  • rod
  • plate
  • star
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25
Q

What can be on the surface of nanoparticles?

A
  • PEGylation or other coatings
  • surface functional group (e.g. -SH, -NH2, -COOH)
  • surface change (+ -> - or - -> +)
  • targeting ligand (e.g. antibody, peptide, aptamer)
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26
Q

What materials can nanoparticles be?

A
  • carbon nanotubes
  • metal particles
  • dendrimer
  • polymer particle
  • hydrogel particle
  • protein-drug conjugate
  • liposome
  • solid-lipid hybrid particle
27
Q

what is poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), PLGA ?

A

A material commonly used to make nano particles

approved by federal drug administration

28
Q

What are two major processes used in drug release from PGLA nanoparticles ?

A

bulk erosion/ fragmentation
where nanoparticle disintegrates based off environment & drug released

surface erosion/ dissolution
Nanoparticle is dissolving liberating drug molecules from surface

29
Q

What is PNIPAM. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)

A

Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) is a temperature-responsive single unit polymer.

Expanded structure at higher temperature
- load drug

Collapses structure at lower temperature
- drug expelled

Co polymer with acrylic acid provides temperature and pH response

30
Q

What are decorated liposomes

A

Liposomes in which groups have been added to it.

31
Q

What are some advantages of suspensions?

A

Limits degradation
Particles undergo dissolution in stomach
Higher bioavailability than tablet, capsule (but not solution)
Taste masking properties

32
Q

why are suspensions able to mask taste ?

A

Only individual drug molecules can
interact with gustatory cells, to elicit
taste reponse

Particles > 10 μm cannot even enter
taste bud pore

Therefore, particles in suspension
have little taste

33
Q

What is the effect on light by colloidal particles?

A

Although colloidal particles are often too small to be visible individually, they are large enough to interfere with the path of light travelling through

When light enters a dispersion, some goes straight through but some is scattered by particles, the degree of light scattering depends on particle size: small particles “bend” light more than big particles

34
Q

What are the differences between suspensions and oral solutions?

A

Suspensions:

  • contain poorly water soluble drugs in solution
  • have excess drug as particulates (cannot dissolve)
35
Q

How are suspensions made?

A

Drug in solution at low concentration (low solubility) but at saturation (high chemical potential)

36
Q

Why is a thickening agent added to a suspension?

A

Suspensions are susceptible to settling

37
Q

What is light scattering influenced by?

A
  • particle size
  • particle population
  • wavelength of incident light
38
Q

Which colour of light is scattered more easily?

A

Blue light has a short wavelength, which is scattered more than red light as it has a higher wavelength

39
Q

What is the Tyndall effect?

A

when light is shone through colloidal sol, scattering causes the beam path becomes illuminated

light shone through:
Solution has no effect
colloid creates visible beam
suspension creates visible beam but also has visible particles

40
Q

What can be used to optimise the biodistribution of drugs to diseased organs, tissues or cells in order to improve and target drug delivery?

A

Gold lyophobic nanoparticles
Gold lyophobic nanoparticles can be used to optimize the biodistribution of drugs to diseased organs, tissues or cells, in order to improve and target drug delivery.

41
Q

What is turbidity?

A

Cloudiness of a dispersion due to light scattering

42
Q

What effect does concentration of dispersed particles have on the turbidity of a dispersion?

A

The greater the concentration of dispersed particles, the more light is scattered and the more turbid (milky white) the dispersion appears

43
Q

What is Gaussian distribution?

A

A symmetrical bell shaped curve found when plotting size against intensity - the peak being the average particle size

44
Q

What is dispersity?

A

A measure of the homogeneity/heterogeneity of the disperse phase

45
Q

What is meant by polydisperse?

A

Irregular, wide particle size range, size, shape and mass

Can be due to aggregation / agglomeration but also simply by different primary size

46
Q

What is meant by monodisperse?

A

Narrow particle size range, shape and mass

47
Q

What is polydispersity now known as?

A

Uniform

48
Q

What is monodispersity now known as?

A

Non-uniform

49
Q

What is the Polydispersity index

A

A measure of distribution of mass or size in a population of particles/globules

50
Q

Why is the Polydispersity Index important?

A

Polydisperse systems have a greater tendency to flocculate and sediment than monodisperse systems

51
Q

How is the Polydispersity Index calculated?

A

(Standard deviation / average NP size) x 100

52
Q

What should the Polydispersity Index ideally be?

A

Less than 0.5

53
Q

What does a PDI of 1 indicate?

A

The sample has a very broad size distribution and may contain large particles or aggregates that could be slowly sedimenting

54
Q

What is the size range for droplets in nanoemulsions?

A

20 - 500nm

55
Q

What does a Polydispersity index of 1 in a nanoemulsion?

A

Means the emulsion is high polydisperse i.e. droplet sizes are highly varied

56
Q

What is the Encapsulation Efficiency?

A

The percentage of a drug that is successfully entrapped into a micelle or nanoparticle

57
Q

How is the Encapsulation Efficiency calculated?

A

(Total drug added - free non-entrapped drug) /

total drug added

58
Q

What is the Loading Capacity?

A

The amount of drug loaded per unit weight of the nanoparticle, indicating the percentage of mass of the nanoparticle that is due to the encapsulated drug

59
Q

How is Loading Capacity calculated?

A

The amount of total entrapped drug /

total nanoparticle weight

60
Q

What is yield, in terms of drug delivery?

A

A reflection of the amount of drug delivered per amount encapsulated, given as a percent

61
Q

What is ultracentrifugation?

A

A centrifuge capable of generating acceleration as high as 1,000,000g. Sufficient to cause sedimentation

62
Q

What is used to separate colloidal particles from smaller contaminants, using a semi-permeable membrane?

A

Dialysis or electro-dialysis

63
Q

Give an example of a colloid that can be treated using dialysis

A

Blood, in renal failure

MPharm 2 - PH2107 (26 decks)

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