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MPharm 2 - PH2107 > PH2107 - Inhalers > Flashcards

PH2107 - Inhalers Flashcards

1
Q

What is a DPI?

A

Dry Powder Inhaler

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2
Q

What are the features of a Pressurised Metered Dose Inhaler?

A
  • portable
  • convenient
  • multidose
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3
Q

What are the limitations of a pMDI?

A
  • difficult to co-ordinate
  • requires propellant
  • dose < 1mg per actuation
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4
Q

What are the opportunities for Dry Powder Inhalers?

A
  • mostly breath-actuated (passive devices)
  • propellant free
  • higher doses than pMDIs
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5
Q

What size particles are in a DPI formulation?

A

Drug particles < 5um required

- BUT micronised drug particles highly cohesive

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6
Q

What are the problems with DPIs?

A

Difficult to meter and disperse powder

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7
Q

What interparticulate forces are found in a DPI formulation?

A

Van der Waals
Capillary
Electrostatic

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8
Q

What is a carrier blend in a DPI formulation?

A
  • micronised drug particles
  • large (lactose) carrier particles (30 - 200 um)
  • drug particles easier to meter and to disperse
  • drug:carrier ratios from 1:1 to > 1:100
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9
Q

What are the three types of DPI?

A 
Single unit dose
- gelatin
- HPMC capsules
Multi-unit dose from 4 to 60 doses
- capsules
- blisters
Multidose up to 200 doses
- powder reservoir
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10
Q

What are the two types of DPI?

A

Passive

Active

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11
Q

How does a passive DPI work?

A

Relies solely on the energy of the patient’s inhalation to aerosolise the powder

  • patient’s inhalation disperses and delivers powder
  • lung dose depends on patient’s inhalation
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12
Q

How does an active DPI work?

A

An energy source (compressed air or piezoelectric crystal) in addition to that of the patient’s inhalation is used to aerosolise the powder

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13
Q

What is the key factor in DPI formulations?

A

De-aggregation

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14
Q

What is ED with regards to DPIs?

A

Emitted dose

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15
Q

What is FPD with regards to DPIs?

A

Fine Particle Dose

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16
Q

What is Fine Particle Dose?

A

The mass of dose contained in particles with aerodynamic diameters < 5um

17
Q

What is FPF with regards to DPIs?

A

Fine Particle Fraction

18
Q

What is Fine Particle Density influenced by?

A
  • drug and carrier particle sizes
  • drug:carrier ratio
  • surface roughness (rugosity)
  • presence of ternary components (Fines)
19
Q

Where might drug particles prefer to adhere to in a DPI?

A

High energy or active sites on carrier surface

20
Q

What might affect influence Fine Particle Dose in DPIs?

A

Fine particle excipients

  • may occupy active sites on carrier, so drug is more easily released
  • drug and fine particle excipients may form mixed aggregates that are easily dispersed
21
Q

Which fine particle excipient is usually used in DPIs?

A

Lactose

  • magnesium sterate
  • leucine
  • polyethylene glycol
  • mannitol
  • glucose
22
Q

What effect does ingress of moisture result in in a DPI?

A
  • increased capillary force - carrier and drug particles joined by small amount of liquid which is very difficult to overcome.
  • reduced particle de-aggregation
23
Q

How can DPIs be protected against moisture ingress?

A
  • individually sealed doses in blisters or capsules
  • addition of moisture absorbing excipients e.g. magnesium stearate
  • use of desiccant (multi-dose DPIs)
  • storage of entire product in an aluminium foil pouch
24
Q

What is a Spinhaler?

A

DPI which delivers a passive capsule unit dose

25
Q

What is a Handihaler?

A

A newer DPI which delivers a passive capsule unit dose

26
Q

What is an Aerolizer?

A

A newer DPI which delivers a passive capsule unit dose

27
Q

What is a Dreamboat?

A

A DPI which delivers a passive cartridge unit dose

28
Q

How does the Dreamboat inhaler work?

A

2 flow inlet streams converge simultaneously

  • 1st stream lifts the powder from the containment region and delivers it into the 2nd inlet stream
  • at the intersection, powder is broken up into particles suitable for inhalation
29
Q

What is an Accuhaler?

A

A DPI which delivers a passive multi unit dose

30
Q

What is a Turbohaler?

A

A DPI which delivers a passive multidose

31
Q

Which conditions are variable lung doses from passive DPIs tolerated?

A
  • asthma
  • COPD

Patients take extra doses as required
Drugs have wide therapeutic windows

32
Q

Why are active DPIs needed?

A

Drugs given for other applications (than asthma or COPD) likely to require tighter control over lung dose
- analgesics
- peptides
- proteins
- targeted therapies for local action
Active DPIs do not use patient’s inhalation to disperse powder

33
Q

What is a Nektar?

A

An active DPI

MPharm 2 - PH2107 (26 decks)

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