PGY4 - MISC Flashcards
Post Resus Care

Indications for Post-Resus Cooling
Adult with ROSC
From VF or VTach Arrest
Hemodynamically Stable
Comatose or not obeying commands
Temperature Goal for ROSC
TTM Trial - 36C
Various 32-36
x 24 hours
Post Resus Goal
- Spo2
- SBP
- MAP
92-98%
SBP >90
MAP>65
Post Resus Cooling Contraindications
“HOLD”
Hemorrhage
OB (Preg)
Ill (Terminally)
DNR or ICU inappropriate
ITP
- Presentation
- Labs
- Tx
- Presentation:
- Easy Bleeding + Thrombocytopenia
- Kids:
- 2-6 yo
- Prior viral prodrome
- Self-limited with in few weeks to months
- Adults :
- Usually present with platelets < 10,000
- Txreatment:
- Supportive care - usually self resolving
- Platelet Transfusion Indications:
- Severe bleeding (platelets < 50,000)
- Platelet < 20,000
- RBCs PRN for resuscitation and anemia
- Corticoteroids
- IVIG (1 gm/kg): <5,000 platelets and completed steroid course

HIT
Pres
Labs
Treatment
- Presentation
- Thrombocytopenia + Thrombosis
- Necrotic skin lesions
- Labs
- Platelets either <150 or more than 50% decrease
- Usually 5-10 days after heparin
- Treatment;
- Stop heparin
- Start alternative
- Argatroban or Pradaxa
- Avoid warfarin and platelet transfusion
TTP
- Presentation
- Labs
- Treatment
- Female 10-40yo
- Classic Pentad
- Fever
- Thrombocytopenia
- Renal Failure
- Neuro Findings
- Anemia
- Hemolytic (schistocytes, frag RBCs)
- Microangiopathic
- Management
- Treat prior to definitive diagnosis
- Plasmaphoresis
- Hematology Consult

Platelet Disorders
- List
- General Presentation
HIT
ITP
TTP
HUS
Epistaxis, menorrhagia, GIB, mucosal petechiae, easy bruising
HUS
Pres
Treatment
- Presentation
- Child w E Coli 0157:H7); age 6 mo-4yo
- Triad
- Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia
- Renal Insufficiency
- Thrombocytopenia
- Treatment:
- Supportive care and admit
- Plasma exchange
- Abx may worsen
- Dialysis if renal failure
- Avoid plts

Coagulation Treatment Disorders
List
Presentation
Hemophelia, Coumadin, NOACs, DIC, VWB
Bleed into deep mm/joints, hematuria, intracranial bleed
Causes of Increased PT
Coumadin
Liver Failure
Vit K Def
Causes of Increased PTT
Heparin
DIC
Hemophilia
Hemophilia A
- Factor
- Labs
- Treatment
- ↓VIII, prolong PTT
- Tx:
- Factor VIII:
- Mild bleeding - 12.5 units/kg (replace to 50%)
- Hematuria, early hemarthrosis, laceration
- Moderate Bleeding - 25 units/kg (replace to 50%)
- Oral lacerations, dental, late hemarthrosis
- Severe Bleeding - 50 units/kg (replace to 100%)
- CCNS, GI, major trauma/surgery
- Each unit/kg increases plasma factor VIII level by 2%
- Mild bleeding - 12.5 units/kg (replace to 50%)
- Factor VIII:
- Cryo if no recombinant VIII
- DDAVP for acute bleeding or prophylaxis (0.3mcg/kg/dose IV)
- Ice, compression, and splinting
- Consult Heme
Von Willenbrand Disease
- Factor
- Labs
- Treat
Most Common Hereditary Bleeding Disorder
- Factor:
- ↓VIII:vwf (
- Labs
- ↓VIII)
- Normal PT/PTT
- Bleeding time increased
- Tx:
- DDAVP 0.3mcg/kg
- Humate P- factor VIII conc
- -Cryo- 10 units/kg
- -FFP- limited use due to volume overload
Hemophilia B
- Factor
- Labs
- Treatment
- ↓IX,
- Labs
- Inc PTT
- Normal PT
- Tx:
- Recomb IX or IX conc :
- Minor 25 units/kg
- Moderate 50 units/kg,
- Severe 100 units/kg.
- Increases activity by 1%
- FFP if no recomb IX
- Recomb IX or IX conc :
DIC
- Labs
- Treatment
- Lab findings:
- Thrombocytopenia (Most common)
- Prolonged PT
- Low fibrinogen
- Increased Fibrin Split Products
- Treatment:
- Treat underlying cause (infx, obstetric pathology, trauma, malignancy, drugs, transfusion) and predominant sx
- Platelets for Plt <50K AND active bleed
- FFP for increased PT or low fibrinogen
- Vit K for long PT
- LMWH if thrombosis
- TXA for trauma-related DIC
Supratherapeutic INR Tx
- OPtions
- Hold Dose
- Vit K
- PO or IV for all bleeding
- Watch for anyphylaxis
- FFP
- PCC4
- INR <5, No bleed
- Lower or omit dose
- INR 5-10, No bleed
- Omit doses
- +/- Vitamin K
- INR > 10, No bleed
- Hold dose
- Vitamin K at high dose (2.5-5 mg PO)
- Any INR, Serious Bleed
- Hold Dose
- Vit K 10mg IV
- Life-Threatening Bleed
- Hold Dose
- Vit K 10 mg IV
- FFP or PCCC
Heparin Reversal
Protamine Sulfate - 1mg/100u of heparin
NOAC Reversal
Idaricuzimab for Pradaza (Dabigatran)
Endexanet alfa for Apixaban (Eliquis) and Rivaroxaban (Xarelto)
Clopidogrel Reversal
Platelets
DDAVP
rIIIa
Thyroid Storm Presentation
- Palpitations/afib
- N/V/D
- Agitated/Anxious/Psychosis/Delerium
- AMS
- Cardiovascular collapse,
- Goiter
- Proptosis,
- Tachycardia
- Diaphoresis
- Tremor
- CNS depression (late)
Hyperthyroidism Treatment
- General
- Supportive IVF (use D5NS)
- Cool
- Treat dysrhythmias
- Replace lytes PRN
- Treat fever w/ APAP (no ASA!/NSAIDs)
Thyroid Storm Specific Treatment
- Supportive - Cooling, IVF, etx
- Treat Cause
- Infection, Infarction (PE/MI/CVA), Insulin lack (DKA), IUP, Iodine therapy/dye/amiodarone, Injury/surgery
- Block peripheral effects:
- Propranolol 1 mg IV q 15 m up to 10 mg-
- OR Esmolol 500 mcg/kg, then 20-50 mcg/kg/min - used when concerns over B blockers
- Majority of CHF in storm is high output- will respond to B blockers (fluid down)
- Inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis:
- PTU 600-1000 mg PO
- OR Methimazole 90-120 mg PO
- Inhibit thyroid hormone release: 1 hr after PTU
- SSKI (Potassium iodide) 5 drops PO
- OR Lugol’s sol (K iodide) 20 drops PO
- Steroid
- Decadron 2mg q6h
- OR Hydrocortisone 300mg load
Unknown Wide Complex Tachycardia
Differential
QRS>120, HR>100
- Ventricular tachycardia
- SVT with aberrancy (BBB, WPW) Paced rhythms
- A fib with WPW
- Torsade de pointes
- Drug overdose
- Na channel blockers Hyperkalemia
- Post-resuscitation
- Artifact
Painful Vision Loss DDx
- Trauma
- Hyphema
- Open Globe
- Iritis
- Optic Neuritis
- Acute Closed Angle Glaucoma
Painless Vision Loss DDx
- CRAO
- CRVO
- Temporal Arteritis
- Retinal Detachment
- Vitreous Hem
Optic Neuritis
- Pres
- Treatment
- Hx
- Women > Men
- Unilateral
- Loss of Central Vision
- Rapid Progression
- Exam
- Normal Slit Lamp
- Tx
- Solumedrol
- Ophtho consult
Closed Angle Glaucoma
- Pres
- Pres
- Decreased VA
- Redness
- Fixed, mid-dilated pupil
- IOP > 40
- Firm Globe
Acute Closed Angle Glaucoma
Treatment
- Pilocarpine
- 1 gtt q15 min until pupil constricts
- One drop in C/L eye (ppx)
- Timolol
- 1 drop q 30 min
- Acetazolamide
- 500 mg IV/IM/PO
- Mannitol
- 1 g/kg IV
- Stat ophtho consult
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
- Presentation
- Exam
- Tx
- Presentation
- Sudden
- Monocular
- Exam
- Afferent pupillary defect
- Cherry red spot at fovea
- Tx
- Ocular massage - 5 sec on, 5 sec off
- Decrease IOP
- Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy
- Stat Ophtho Consult
Afferent Pupillary Defect
Normal pupillary constriction when light shined in unaffected eye
No constriction when light shined in affected eye
Central Retinal Vein Occlusion
- Pres
- Exam
- Treatment
- Pres
- Monocular
- Exam
- Blood and Thunder Retina
- Treatment
- Call ophtho
Temporal Arteritis
- Pres
- Tx
- Pres
- HA
- Age >50
- Assoc with Polymyalgia Rheumatica
- Increased ESR
- Tx
- Prednisone 1mg/kg PO
- NSAIDs
- Call ophtho
Retinal Detachment
- Pres
- Tx
- Pres
- Flashing lights
- Floaters
- Cloudy/Curtain-Like vision loss
- Look with US
- Tx = Call ophtho
Vitreous Hemorrhage
- Pres
- Tx
- Pres
- Floaters or webs
- Monocular
- Exam
- Decreased red reflex
- Tx
- Elevate head of bed
- No anti-caog/reverse
- Call ophtho
Pre-E/Ecclampsia
Presentation
Labs
- Pres
- HA, vision changes, abd pain, edema, pulm edema,
- HTN systolic >140 or diastolic >90,
- hyperreflexia, tachycardia, clonus
- Labs: CBC, BUN/Cr, lytes, gluc, Ca/Mg/Phos, LFTs, UA, coags, D-dimer, fibrinogen, uric acid
Pre-E/Ecclampsia DDX and Criteria
- Starts at 20 weeks
- Pre-E
- HTN
- > 140 sys or >90 dia twice (sep by 4 hrs)
- > 160 sys or > 110 dia once
- Proteinuria
- HTN
- Severe preeclampsia:
- ≥ 160 systolic or ≥ 110 diastolic +
- End Organ Dysfunction
- Thrombocytopenia, renal insufficiency, impaired liver function, pulmonary edema, cerebral or visual disturbances
- Ecclampsia
- Pre-E + Seizure
- HELLP
- Hemolysis
- Elevated Liver Enzymes
- Low Platelets
Pre-E/Ecclampsia Tx
- IVF
- Decrease BP if > 160/105
- Hydralazine 5mg IV q20
- Labetalol 0.25 mg/kg double q 10 min (300mg max)
- Severe Pre-E
- Mg 4-6 gm IV over 30 min (sz ppx)
- Ecclampsia
- Mg as above
- Benzos
- Delivery
Considerations when giving Mag for Pre-E/Ecclampsia
- Hold for:
- Bradycardia
- Loss of DTRs
- Resp depression
- Antidote for Mg toxicity is Ca
PE Types
- Non massive:
- No signs of clinical instability, hemodynamic compromise or RV strain
- Submassive PE:
- Acute PE without hypotension but with any of the following:
- RV dysfunction or RV dilation on POCUS,
- Elevated BNP
- Elevated troponin
- New ECG changes (RBBB, ST changes, anterolateral T wave inversions)
- Acute PE without hypotension but with any of the following:
- Massive PE:
- Sustained hypotension
- Pulselessness
- Persistent bradycardia
- Signs of shock
PE Treatment - Massive
- Massive
- Thrombolytics
- rt-PA 10mg then 90mg over 2 hours
- 50mg bolus for code dose
- Must code for 45 minutes
- Surgery second line
- Thrombolytics
PE Treatment - Submassive
- Thrombolytics remain contreversial
- Full Dose vs. Half Dose vs. Cath Directed
- Anticoagulation
- Heparin 80 u/kg then 18 u/kg/hr
- OR Lovenox 1mg/kg SQ
PE Treatment - Non-Massive
PO: Xarelto or Elliquis
PE Dispo
Calculate PESI Score
DVT Treatment
- Lovenox 1 mg/kg SC BID
- OR NOACs
- Xarelto
- Elliquis
Cardiogenic Shock DDx
- RV infarct
- LV infarct
- Acute valvular insufficiency
- Wall Rupture
- Papillary Rupture
- Tamponade
- Thoracic Aortic Dissection
Cardiogenic Shock Treatment
- Treat underlying causes (bradycardia, tachycardia, ischemic, valve problem, ect)
- If suspecting infarct…
- Stat Cards consult for cath/IABP/ECMO
- ASA and Heparin after CXR reviewed. Do not give BB
- If no cath lab or contraindications consider thrombolytics
- If TAD. .. stat CT surgery consult
- Oxygenation/pulm edema:
- Can trial BIPAP but may not tolerate well
- Early intubation
- Challenging due to hypotension, hypoxia and acidosis.
- Maximize pre-intubation hemodynamics (small bolus, push dose pressors, preoxygenation, oxygenation during intubation.
- Etomidate may be best choice for induction
- If ↓BP / shock…
- 250-500ml IVF bolus: eval response (need to be cautious).
- Especially if dehydrated or RV infarction
- BP >90
- Consider dobutamine or milrinone (if patient on BB)
- Dobutamine will need vasopressor (NE)
- BP < 90
- Consider NE. Can add on dobutamine
- 250-500ml IVF bolus: eval response (need to be cautious).
- Optimize electrolytes (especially Ca)
- Optimize H/H (higher threshold for transfusion, 10)
ANC
- Nadir after chemo
- How to calculate
- Neutropenia definition
- Neutropenic Fever Definition
- Nadir Time
- 10-14 d s/p chemo
- ANC Calc
- = WBC X ((PMN/100) +(Bands/100))
- Neutropenia
- ANC < 1500
- < 500 = Severe
- Neutropenic Fever
- Temp > 38.3 single or >38 x 1 hr
- ANC < 1500
Cancer Patient DDx
- Tumor Lysis Syndrome
- PE
- Neutropenic Fever
- Spinal Cord Compression
- Hyperviscosity Syndrome
- SVC Syndrome
- Pericardial Disease
- SIADH
- Hypercalcemia
Neutropenic Fever - High Risk
- Features
- Tx
- High Risk Definition:
- Shock
- ANC < 500,
- ANC levels low for > 7 days
- Other organ dysfunction
- MASCC Score < 20
- Treatment
- Empiric
- One of:
- Zosyn 4.5 gm IV
- or Cefepime 2 gm IV
- or Ticar/Clv or Imipenem/Cilastin
- +/- Vanc 1gm IV
- +/- Acyclovir 10 mg/kg IV
- One of:
- Empiric
Neutropenic Fever - Low Risk
- Features
- Tx
- Low Risk Definition:
- No hypotension
- No COPD
- Age < 60
- No dehydration
- Solid tumor or hematologic malignancy
- Minimal symptoms
- MASCC > 21 low risk
- Empiric Treatment
- Cipro 500mg q8
- Augmentin 500mg q8 x7.
- Talk with Onc - May d/c.
SIADH
Pres
Treatment
HypoNA with Euvolemia
Water Restriction
Tumor Lysis Syndrome
Timing
Labs
Complications
- Timing
- 2-3 d post chemo;
- Labs
- Increased
- K
- Phos
- Uric Acid
- Decreased
- Calcium
- Increased
- Complicatons
- ARF (from uric acid and calcium phos crystals),
- Dysrhythmias
- Neuromuscular problems
TLS Treatment
- IVFs
- Correct electrolytes
- +/- Dialysis
- Allopurinol- decrease uric acid production
- Rasburicase- decrease uric acid levels (conversion to allantoin)
- C/I in G6PD deficiency
Tx of acute spinal cord compression in cx
- Steroids
- Decadron 25mg
- NS consult
- Stat MRI
Hypercalcemia Treatment
- Mild (<12, no sx)
- PO fluids
- Mild (12-14, no sx)
- IVF
- Find Cause
- Severe (>14, severe sx)
- IVF 200-300 mL/hr
- Calcitonin 4 units/kg
- Bisphosphonates after hydration
- Dialysis
- +/- Steroids
- If due to calcitriol overproduction
- Loop diuretics not recommended
- Unless renal or heart failure,
Hyperviscosity Snydrome
Presentation
Tx
- Sludging from ↑ proteins –>
- Fatigue
- Neuro
- HA, Sz, AMS,
- Cardiac
- MI, CHF.
- Tx:
- IVF,
- Phlebotomy w/ PRBC replacement.
SVC Syndrome
Cause
Pres
Work Up
Tx
- Obstruction of blood through SVC due to internal intravascular invasion or external compression.
- Lung cancer MCC.
- Pres
- Neck veins distended
- SOB
- ↑RR
- Facial swelling
- Work Up: CT chest w/ IV contrast
- Tx:
- Solu Medrol 250 mg IV
- +/- Lasix 40 mg
- If respiratory compromise,
- most literature does not support
- If respiratory compromise,
- IV anticoagulation if due to thrombus
- Definitive:
- Chemo
- Possible stent placement
CD4 Count = AIDS
<200
Absolute Lymphocyte Count
WBC x Lymph%
<1000 –> 91% probability CD4 < 200
HIV Encephalopathy
Dx of Exclusion
CD4 ~200
Cryptococcus Neoformans
- CD4 <100
- CSF:
- Inc opening pressure
- Inc mono
- +Crypto Ag
T. Gondii
Ring enhancing lesions (with contrast)
HIV Pulm Infection
- Local –> Likely bacterial
- Diffuse interstitial/granular –> Likely PCP
- Hilar –> Crypto, histo, mycobac
- Upper Lobe with Cavitation –> TB
PCP PNA
- Pres
- Tx
Pres
- Unexplained Hypoxia
- Inc LDH
Tx
- Steroids if PaO2 < 70, A-a Grad > 35
AIDS Fungal Infec
- Histo - Central/East US
- Blasto - Central US
- SW - Coccidio
AIDS GI Issues
- Candidadal Esophagitis - White plaque, scrapes away
- Hairy Leukoplasia - White, corrugated lesions on edge of tongue
- Diarrheal Infec
- Salmonella - Recurrent bacteremia
- C Dif
- MAC/Cryptosporidium/Isospora
AIDS Skin Issues
- Kaposis Sarcoma
- HHV 8
- Pink/Purple papules/nodules
Sickle Cell Complications
- Vaso Occlusive Crises
- Pain Crisis
- Consider cause - cold, trauma, dehydration
- Dactylitis - painful swelling hands/feet
- Stroke
- Consider exchange transfusion
- Priaprism
- IVF, transfusion, drainage
- Acute Chest
- # 1 Killer
- Pulm Sx + New Infiltrate on CXR
- Gets ABx
- Pain Crisis
- Hematologic Crisis
- Splenic Sequestration
- Enlarged spleen + decreased Hgb
- Aplastic Crisis
- Rapid decrease in Hgb and Retic
- Causes - Folate def, infec
- Transfuse
- Splenic Sequestration
- Infectious Issues
- Functionally asplenic by 5 yo
- Encapsulated org
- S Pneumo, N Mening, Kleb, H Flu, Salmonella, Crypto, Pseudomonas
- Osteomyelitis
- Staph, Salmonella, E Coli
Encapsulated Bacteria
Some Nasty Killers Have Serious Capsule Protection
- S Pneumo
- Neisseria Menin
- Klebsiella
- H. Flu
- Salmonella
- Cryptococcus
- Pseudomonas
Sick Newborn DDx
THE MISFITS
- Trauma (NAT), Tumor, Thermal
- Heart/Lung: Bronchiolitis, pertussis, congenital heart
- Endocrine: CAH, DM, Thyroid
- Met Acidosis
- Inborn Errors of Metabolism
- Seizures
- Feeding Abnormalities
- Intestinal Disorders
- Sepsis
Neonatal Seizure Treatment
- If ↓ glucose… D10 5 ml/kg IV/IO
- If ↓ calcium… Ca Gluconate 100 mg/kg (up to 1 gm) IV over 10 min
- If still seizing.
- Phenobarbital 20 mg/kg IV (drug of choice in neonates - intubate!)
- and/or Ativan 0.1mg/kg IV (may repeat in 10 min w 1/2 dose)
- If still seizing… pyridoxine 100 mg q 5-15 min (max 500 mg)
- If hyponatremic. ..4-6m L/kg 3%NacL
Neonatal Tx of Intracranial Infection
- Ampicillin 100 mg/kg IV
- Cefotaxime 100 mg/kg IV or gentamycin 2.5 mg/kg IV
- Acyclovir 10 mg/kg IV
Neonatal Shock Treatment
- 20 ml/kg IVF
- Pressors
- Cold Shock - Dopamine or Epi
- Warm Shock - Levo
- Shock not improving - Hydrocortisone
Neonatal Cardiovascular Distress
- Likely respiratory etiology if…
- Better w/ crying
- No murmur
- Normal EKG
- ↑ O2 sat w O2.
- Likely cardiac etiology if…
- Worse w/ crying
- Pos murmur
- Abnormal EKG
- No change in O2 sat w O2.
- Tx for CHF/cyanosis
- If hypercyanotic/Tet spell…
- Calm child
- Knee to chest position
- Phenylephrine
- Morphine 0.1 mg/kg IV or Ketamine
- ± Propranolol 0.01-0.1 mg/kg IV
Gray Baby in Resp Arrest at less than 2 weeks
- C/f ductal dependent lesion
- Consider PGE1 0.01-0.1 mcg/kg/min IV
- Intubate.
- Side effects-hypoTN, apnea, hyperpyrexia)
- Use Atropine prior to intubation
- Pressors
- Non-cyanotic = Milrinone
- Cyanotic = Levophed
- Oxygen for most (except hypoplastic heart)
BURN Thickness
- Superficial - Epidermis
- Superficial Partial - Dermis (Blisters)
- Superficial Deep - White
- Full - Underlying structures, no pain
Rule of 9s
18% - Front, Back, Legs
9% - Arms, Head
1% - Genitals
Peds:
Head is also 18%, legs are 14%
Parkland Formula
LR 2-4 ml x kg x % BSA
(1/2 in First 8h, rest in 16hr)
Indication for Fluid Resus in Burns
15% in kids
20% in adults
Goal UOP in Burns
30-50cc/hr
Kids 1cc/kg/hr
Escharotomy Sites

Burn Center Criteria:
- >20% adults, >10% kids/elderly
- >5% full thickness
- Face/eyes/hand/feet/genital/perineum burns
- Electrical (incl lightning)
- Chemical burns
- Inhalation injury
- Circumferential Full thickness to chest or extremity
- Concern for pt with preexist dz
- No hospital capability for child burn
Rule of 10s
LR
%TBSA x 10 - Initial wt in mL/hr (for 40-80Kg)
For every 10kg over 80, increase rate by 100
Cyanotic Heart Lesions
5 Ts
Tetralogy of Fallot
Truncus Arteriosus
Transposition of the Great Vessels
Tricuspid Atresia
TAPVR4-7