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LAS 131 - Legal Writing > PG Chapter 1 - Parts of Speech > Flashcards

PG Chapter 1 - Parts of Speech Flashcards

1
Q

Names of people are capitalized, as are (1) and (2) as long as they are (3) or (4).

A
  1. Ranks
  2. Titles
  3. Used as names (“Hi Mom”)
  4. Used right before names (“President Obama,” but not “the president”).
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2
Q

Days of the week, months and (1) are capitalized, but not (2).

A
  1. holidays

2. seasons

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3
Q

Names of (1) are capitalized. (2) of the US are as well, but (3) are not.

A
  1. geographic areas (Central Park, Lake Jordan)
  2. Regions (the Midwest)
  3. simple directions (go north)
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4
Q

(1) are capitalized, such as the Civil War. (2), (3), and (4) of people are capitalized.

A
  1. Historical periods
  2. Religions (Christians, Muslims)
  3. Nationalities (Chinese)
  4. Races (African-American)
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5
Q

(1) and country names are capitalized. So are (2) related to those countries, but don’t have to be if they are (3).

A
  1. Languages (Spanish)
  2. adjectives (Danish art)
  3. common/widespread (french fries, roman numerals
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6
Q

The various names for (1) and the names of (2) are capitalized.

A
  1. God (Allah, Jehovah)

2. sacred books (Koran, the Bible)

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7
Q

School: (1) are capitalized, but not (2).

A
  1. Specific courses (Algebra 101)

2. general subjects (algebra)

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8
Q

Names of specific (1), (2), (3), (4), etc. are capitalized. (5), such as Cheerios, are always capitalized.

A
  1. schools (Gilbert High School)
  2. businesses (Apple)
  3. buildings
  4. organizations
  5. Brand names
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9
Q

Names of (1), but not (2) and (3). Earth is capitalized when (4) but not when preceded by (5).

A
  1. planets
  2. sun
  3. moon
  4. referred to as one of the planets
  5. “the” (There are six billion people on the earth)
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10
Q

Names of specific (1) and (2) and their (3) are capitalized.

A
  1. teams (Atlanta Braves)
  2. clubs (Republican Party)
  3. members (Republicans)
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11
Q

Titles of (1), (2), (3), and (4) are capitalized, though there are many word exemptions.

A
  1. movies
  2. books
  3. chapters
  4. articles
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12
Q

The following four types of words are exempted from capitalization within titles, except when they (1) or (2): (3), (4), (5), (6).

A
  1. begin it
  2. end it
  3. The articles a, an, and the
  4. The conjunctions and, but, for, or, and nor
  5. the words to and as
  6. All prepositions, short or long (with, throughout)
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13
Q

Possessives are denoted with the addition of an apostrophe and s, unless they end with an (1) or (2) sound. The basic rule of thumb is to add only an apostrophe if (3).

A
  1. iz
  2. eez
  3. you would not orally pronounce the extra s
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14
Q

If two people own the same thing, (1). If the two people don’t own the same thing, (2). If a plural ends in s, (3). If a plural does not end in s, (4).

A
  1. Use and apostrophe and s for only the second person (Meg and Stacey’s father)
  2. use an apostrophe and s for both people (Meg’s and Stacey’s toes)
  3. add just an apostrophe (boys’)
  4. add an apostrophe and s (women’s)
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15
Q

It is usually better with (1) not to show possession.

A
  1. inanimate objects (bike tire, tire on my bike, not bike’s tire)
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16
Q
  1. How would you pluralize and make possessive the family name Jones?
  2. How would you simply make the name possessive?
A
  1. Joneses’

2. Jones’s

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17
Q

Pluralize:

  1. hero
  2. banjo
  3. cupful
  4. passerby
  5. safe
  6. knife
A
  1. heroes
  2. banjos
  3. cupfuls
  4. passersby
  5. safes
  6. knives
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18
Q

Pluralize:

  1. basis
  2. criterion
  3. nucleus
  4. datum
A
  1. bases
  2. criteria
  3. nuclei
  4. data
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19
Q

6 examples of words that do not change when pluralized

A
  1. moose
  2. deer
  3. species
  4. sheep
  5. series
  6. swine
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20
Q

Regular rules of thumb for pluralization:
If the word ends in o, usually (1). If the word ends in s,x,z,ch, or sh, (2). If the word ends in y and there is a vowel before the y, (3). If the word ends in y and there is a consonant before the vowel, (4). If a proper noun ends in y, (5). If a compound noun has a main noun in it, (6). If a compound noun has no main noun, (7).

A
  1. add s (heroes)
  2. add es (boxes, churches)
  3. add s (plays, monkeys)
  4. change the y to an i and add es (parties)
  5. just add s (Kennedys)
  6. add s to the main noun (fathers-in-law, chiefs of police)
  7. add s to the end (follow-ups, trade-ins)
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21
Q
  1. a word that stands for a noun

2. the noun that the pronoun stands for

A
  1. pronoun

2. antecedent

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22
Q

8 ways to use pronouns

A
  1. to name specific people or things (You like him)
  2. to point to non-specific people or things (Everyone is here)
  3. to point to a particular thing (This dress)
  4. to refer back to the subject (He hurt himself)
  5. To show mutual action (each other)
  6. to add emphasis (I myself)
  7. To ask a question (Who?)
  8. To show ownership (not yours)
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23
Q

Three types of pronouns

A
  1. Subjective/Nominative (I throw the ball)
  2. Objective (Throw the ball to me)
  3. Possessive (My throw won the game)
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24
Q

If correcting sentences seems confusing, try (1) or (2). It is considered polite with pronouns to (3). Though (4) has been accepted as an idiom, the proper form for this and all other pronouns is (5). (6) is ubiquitous and in formal writing should only be used to refer to the reader, not as a replacement for anyone, everyone, etc.

A
  1. adding or taking out words
  2. turning sentences around
  3. place yourself second
  4. “It’s me”
  5. “It is I,” “It is she,” etc.
  6. You
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25
Q

A verb is a word that show an (1) or a (2).

A
  1. action (run, swim)

2. state of being (be, appear, seem, feel)

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26
Q

6 verb tenses

A
  1. present tense (eat)
  2. past tense (ate)
  3. future tense (will eat)
  4. present perfect (have eaten)
  5. past perfect (had eaten)
  6. future perfect tense (will have eaten)
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27
Q

6 progressive (continuing) tenses of verbs

A
  1. present progressive (am eating)
  2. past progressive (was eating)
  3. future progressive (will be eating)
  4. present perfect progressive (have been eating)
  5. past perfect progressive (had been eating)
  6. future perfect progressive (will have been eating)
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28
Q

3 uses of the emphatic form of verbs

A
  1. Emphasis (I do eat pizza!)
  2. Questions (Do I eat pizza?)
  3. Negatives (I did not eat pizza)
29
Q

6 times to use present tense

A
  1. present action (I want to eat pizza)
  2. action that happens over and over (I eat pizza every day)
  3. scientific facts or other truths (Americans eat pizza 40 times a year on average)
  4. Headlines
  5. Sometimes in place of future tense (I leave tomorrow)
  6. In book reports/summaries (In Chapter Two, Mary meets Alex)
30
Q

An (1) is a verb with the word “to” in front of it. It is not good to (2), though exceptions can be made for (3).

A
  1. infinitive
  2. split it
  3. emphasis (I want you to thoroughly study the material)
31
Q

Active voice is usually better than passive voice because it is more (1), but there are four cases in which passive voice could be beneficial: (2), (3), (4), (5).

A
  1. dynamic
  2. The doer of the action is unimportant or unknown (School is cancelled today)
  3. You want to be polite, avoid sounding bossy, or soften a strong statement (Your application was rejected)
  4. You want to emphasize the thing you’re talking about, not the person who does the action (The blue ribbon will be given to the winner)
  5. You are writing in an impersonal, scientific manner (The mice were separated into two groups)
32
Q

A (1) is a verb with -ing attached, making it a noun. (2) are usually used with these, especially if emphasizing the action, but the (3) can be used optionally to emphasize the person.

A
  1. gerund (Running is fun)
  2. possessive nouns/pronouns (Mom doesn’t like my eating too much ice cream)
  3. objective case (I hope you don’t mine me holding your hand)
33
Q

Use (1), which uses the word (2), in “what if” or “if only” sentences. Do not use if it is a (3), even if the word “if” is used.

A
  1. subjunctive mood
  2. were (I were, she were)
  3. statement of fact (If it was raining as hard as she said,)
34
Q

Four other cases in which subjunctives would be used.

A
  1. suggestions (I suggest you be good)
  2. commands (I command that she eat everything she ordered)
  3. urgency (It is essential she be waiting when I get there)
  4. recommendation (I vote we be finished with this conversation)
35
Q

Irregular verbs: Put the following in past tense and present perfect tense:

  1. slide
  2. beat
  3. drink
  4. shrink
  5. think
  6. ring
  7. sing
  8. spring
  9. fling
A
  1. slid, slid
  2. beat, beaten
  3. drank, drunk
  4. shrank, shrunk
  5. thought, thought
  6. rang, rung
  7. sang, sung
  8. sprang, sprung
  9. flung, flung
36
Q

More irregular verbs: put the following in past tense and present perfect tense.

  1. Bite
  2. Bring
  3. Drag
  4. Dive
  5. Drive
  6. Forget
  7. Hang (picture)
  8. Hang (thief)
  9. Hide
A
  1. bit, bitten/bit
  2. brought, brought (not brang or brung)
  3. dragged, dragged (not drug)
  4. dived/dove, dived
  5. drove, driven
  6. forgot, forgotten/forgot
  7. hung, hung
  8. hanged, hanged
  9. hid, hid/hidden
37
Q

More irregular verbs: put the following in past tense and present perfect tense.

  1. kneel
  2. leap
  3. prove
  4. rise
  5. shine (with polish)
  6. shine (like the sun)
  7. stink
  8. sweat
  9. swim
  10. swing
  11. tread
  12. wake
A
  1. knelt/kneeled, knelt/kneeled
  2. leaped/leapt, leaped/leapt
  3. proved, proved/proven
  4. rose, risen
  5. shined, shined
  6. shone, shone
  7. stank/stunk, stunk
  8. sweat/sweated, sweat/sweated
  9. swam, swum
  10. swung, swung (never swang)
  11. trod/treaded, trodden/trod
  12. woke/waked, waked/woken
38
Q

Conjugate:

  1. Today I (1) in bed.
  2. Yesterday I (2) in bed.
  3. Many times I have (3) in bed.
  4. Yesterday I was (4) in bed all day.
A
  1. lie
  2. lay
  3. lain
  4. lying
39
Q

Conjugate:

  1. Now, I (1) the keys on the counter.
  2. Yesterday I (2) the keys on the counter.
  3. Many times I have (3) the keys on the counter.
  4. Yesterday I was (4) the keys on the counter when Mom came home.
A
  1. lay
  2. laid
  3. laid
  4. laying
40
Q

Conjugate:

  1. Today I (1) to police
  2. Yesterday I (2) to police
  3. Many times I have (3) to police
  4. Yesterday I was (4) to the police when they arrested me.
A
  1. lie
  2. lied
  3. lied
  4. lying
41
Q

An adjective describes a (1) or (2) and answers one of these questions: (3), (4), (5).

A
  1. noun
  2. pronoun
  3. Which one? (this, that)
  4. What kind? (red, large)
  5. How many? (six, 400, several)
42
Q

An adverb describes a (1), (2), or (3).

A
  1. verb
  2. adjective
  3. another adverb
43
Q

5 questions an adverb answers

A
  1. Where (there, here, outside)
  2. When (then, later, immediately, yesterday)
  3. How (quickly, gracefully)
  4. How often/how long (frequently, never, twice)
  5. How much (hardly, extremely, too, more)
44
Q

Sometimes a word is the same form as an (1) or an (2). Sometimes adverbs lack an (3), while sometimes adjectives (4)

A
  1. adjective
  2. adverb (straight, fine, hard)
  3. -ly tail (fast, long, early)
  4. have it (hilly, deadly, oily)
45
Q

Use adverbs with (1) and adjectives with (2). Some words can be either depending on (3); a good rule of thumb is (4).

A
  1. action verbs (She swims gracefully)
  2. linking verbs (David was thirsty
  3. how they are used (linking: He appears thirsty) (action: The plane appears out of nowhere)
  4. If you can substitute the word “seems,” it is probably a linking verb and requires and adjective
46
Q

“Big” is the (1), “bigger” is the (2), and “biggest” is the (3). For (4) and (5), use more/most or less/least instead of adding -er. There is some (6) to this, though.

A
  1. positive
  2. comparative
  3. superlative
  4. longer adjectives (more capable)
  5. most adverbs (more quickly)
  6. subjectivity (choose what sounds best)
47
Q

“Unique,” “perfect,” “only,,” “square” and “round” are examples of adjectives that are (1). Be careful where you place (2) so they don’t modify the wrong word.

A
  1. already superlative
  2. adverbs (actually, adjectives too)
    (“I only think about you” vs. “I think only about you”)
48
Q

A clause is a group of words containing a (1) and a (2). “That I should love her is insane.” In this sentence, “That I should love her” serves entirely as a (3).

A
  1. subject
  2. conjunctive verb (linking verb)
  3. noun/subject
49
Q

The difference between a transitive verb and an intransitive verb is the (1). Some verbs can be (2). The classically confused case is (3).

A
  1. presence/necessity of a direct object
  2. either one
  3. lie v. lay
50
Q

Adjectives can include other parts of speech like (1) and (2). They can also be (3).

A
  1. articles (the, a, an)
  2. possessive pronouns (my, his, our)
  3. phrases (Books “he purchased in England”)
51
Q

Adverbs can also be (1).

A
  1. phrases (He drove “like a bat out of hell”, She runs “in an awkward manner”)
52
Q

Diagram: “Playing professional baseball is fun.”

A 
Playing = gerund/noun
professional = adjective
baseball = noun
is = linking verb
fun = adjective (modifies playing)
53
Q

Diagram: “That I should love you is preposterous.”

A

That I should love you = noun clause
is = linking verb
preposterous = adjective (modifies noun clause)

54
Q

Diagram: “I laid myself down.”

A 
I = pronoun
laid = action verb
myself = reflexive pronoun
down = adjective
55
Q

A (1) is a word that joins words or a group of words. The stars are (2) and (3).

A
  1. conjunction
  2. and
  3. but
56
Q

6 other examples of conjunctions

A
  1. yet
  2. for
  3. so
  4. or
  5. either
  6. because
57
Q

4 examples of correlative conjunction pairs

A
  1. either/or
  2. not only/but also
  3. neither/nor
  4. both/and
58
Q

Two ways this incorrect sentence can be rewritten: “Sal cannot pitch nor catch.”

A
  1. Sal can neither pitch nor catch

2. Sal cannot pitch or catch.

59
Q

As a rule, don’t (1), but this rule can be waived occasionally for (2).

A
  1. begin a sentence with a conjunction

2. emphasis (He thought the noise was a grizzly bear. And he was right!)

60
Q

Don’t use a comma with conjunctions if (1). Also use avoid using a comma with (2). Finally, don’t use a comma in a (3).

A
  1. you have a compound verb (Lily ate a big dinner and slept soundly.)
  2. linking conjunctions (if, though, whenever, because, since, while, before, when.) (I will walk home because my mom can’t pick me up).
  3. list of only two things (I love chocolate cake and ice cream)
61
Q

Overusing (1) and (2) can make for dull writing, so change sentences around to avoid this.

A
  1. and

2. so

62
Q

A preposition is a word that is always used with a (1) to create a (2), which shows a relationship with (3).

A
  1. noun/pronoun
  2. prepositional phrase (in the house)
  3. another word in the sentence (“Emma” is “in the house”)
63
Q

It used to be a rigid rule never to (1), but that rule has softened and should be waived if editing makes the sentence awkward. Do not confused prepositions in this case with (2), with which it is perfectly ok to end a sentence.

A
  1. end a sentence with a preposition

2. double verbs (wake up, shut down, shut out)

64
Q

Avoid using too many (1).

A
  1. prepositional phrases in a row
65
Q

Examples of non-prepositions (not part of prepositional phrases). So what are they?

  1. jump “up”, turn “around”
  2. Keep your hands off the “off” button
  3. Stand “up” for yourself (v. climb up the ladder, which is a prep)
  4. Wash your hands “before” you eat (v. My house is just before the school, which is a prep)
A
  1. adverbs
  2. adjective
  3. verb (part of two-part verb)
  4. conjunction
66
Q

4 things an interjection can do

A
  1. express a feeling (wow, gee, oops)
  2. say yes or no (yes, no, uh-huh, nope)
  3. calls attention (yo, hey, whoa)
  4. indicated a pause (well, um, hmm)
67
Q

Interjections are allowed to (1) for (2).

A
  1. stand alone as sentence fragments

2. strong feelings (Ouch! That hurt!)

68
Q

Lecture: Verbs are conjugated based on (1), (2), and (3).

A
  1. person (1st/2nd/3rd)
  2. number of actors (I v. we)
  3. tense

LAS 131 - Legal Writing (6 decks)

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