pg 98- 102

Question 1

Allophonic variation are noted only in?

Answer 1

Narrow (phonetic) transcription

Question 2

When can the special symbols and diacritics appear in broad transciption?

Answer 2

when these features change meaning in another language

Question 3

aspirated voiceless stops

which are they and how are they represented

Answer 3

p, t, k

[X w/ a subscript h]

Question 4

where are the p,t,k aspirated

Answer 4

initial position and at the onset of stressed syllables with an optional liquid before the vowel

Question 5

Unreleased stops

Answer 5

English stops are unreleased before another stop

Question 6

Dental variant of alveolars

when it happens

symbol

Answer 6

t, n, l

when they precede or follow the interdental /θ/ and /ð/

half a rectangle

Question 7

Velarized

Answer 7

ɫ

after vowels

the back of the tongue moves away from the velum

Question 8

Devoiced sounds

Answer 8

nasal, liquid, and glides can be devoiced or voiceless after a voiceless sounds

Question 9

Alveolar Flap

Answer 9

the /t/ and /d/ with strong stress on the preceding vowel and no stress on the following vowel

Question 10

Other cases of the alveolar flap

Answer 10

there can be an optional [r] between strong vowel and a flap

the flap can also occur between weakly stressed syllables after a primary syllable

Question 11

Lengthed vowels

Answer 11

[:] heard as relatively longer than other vowels

Question 12

T/F: Lengthed vowels also occur in spanish, usually in stressed syllables, but they do not occur in contrast with short vowels in either language.

Answer 12

True

Question 13

Is vowel length phonemic in some languages?

Answer 13

Yes; Finnish

not in spansh or english

Question 14

Nasalized vowel

Answer 14

[~]
english vowels are normally oral

they are nasalized before nasal consonants

the velum is at least partially lowered and the air stream is released in part through the nasal cavity.

Question 15

change that takes place in a given language between the way speech is represented in the mind(phonemes) and what is pronounced (phones)

Answer 15

phonological processes

Question 16

the two directions of the phonological processes:

Answer 16

mind to the mouth

ear to the mind

Question 17

words that are stores in their memories

Answer 17

mental lexicon

Question 18

speakers encode the sounds of words in ____ form and they only convert them into — form during the process of speech

Answer 18

phonemic

phonetic

Question 19

Native speakers unconsciously know what ___ form to give each ___ in each environment when ___; they also unconsciously know how to assign the ___ they hear into ___ when ___

Answer 19

phonetic
phoneme
encoding

phones
phonemes
decoding

Question 20

words are stored and retrieved from speech in one form (_____), but they are spoken in a very different form (_____)

Answer 20

phonemic

phonetic

Question 21

Two distinct levels for the sounds of speech

Answer 21

phonological level

phonetic level

Question 22

the level speakers use to encode the sounds of the words of their langauge

Answer 22

phonological level

Question 23

the way that the words are actually pronounced

Answer 23

phonetic level

Question 24

T/F: the phonetic form is easier for the speaker to pronounce than the form encoded in the phonemic representation, whereas the phenemic form is easier for the speaker to represent in memory

Answer 24

True

Question 25

economy of representation - def.

easy of pronunciation

both are what?

Answer 25

how the sounds of words are stored in memory

they are both relative to the particular linguistic system in question