pg 98- 102 Flashcards
Allophonic variation are noted only in?
Narrow (phonetic) transcription
When can the special symbols and diacritics appear in broad transciption?
when these features change meaning in another language
aspirated voiceless stops
which are they and how are they represented
p, t, k
[X w/ a subscript h]
where are the p,t,k aspirated
initial position and at the onset of stressed syllables with an optional liquid before the vowel
Unreleased stops
English stops are unreleased before another stop
Dental variant of alveolars
when it happens
symbol
t, n, l
when they precede or follow the interdental /θ/ and /ð/
half a rectangle
Velarized
ɫ
after vowels
the back of the tongue moves away from the velum
Devoiced sounds
nasal, liquid, and glides can be devoiced or voiceless after a voiceless sounds
Alveolar Flap
the /t/ and /d/ with strong stress on the preceding vowel and no stress on the following vowel
Other cases of the alveolar flap
there can be an optional [r] between strong vowel and a flap
the flap can also occur between weakly stressed syllables after a primary syllable
Lengthed vowels
[:] heard as relatively longer than other vowels
T/F: Lengthed vowels also occur in spanish, usually in stressed syllables, but they do not occur in contrast with short vowels in either language.
True
Is vowel length phonemic in some languages?
Yes; Finnish
not in spansh or english
Nasalized vowel
[~]
english vowels are normally oral
they are nasalized before nasal consonants
the velum is at least partially lowered and the air stream is released in part through the nasal cavity.
change that takes place in a given language between the way speech is represented in the mind(phonemes) and what is pronounced (phones)
phonological processes
the two directions of the phonological processes:
mind to the mouth
ear to the mind
words that are stores in their memories
mental lexicon
speakers encode the sounds of words in ____ form and they only convert them into — form during the process of speech
phonemic
phonetic
Native speakers unconsciously know what ___ form to give each ___ in each environment when ___; they also unconsciously know how to assign the ___ they hear into ___ when ___
phonetic
phoneme
encoding
phones
phonemes
decoding
words are stored and retrieved from speech in one form (_____), but they are spoken in a very different form (_____)
phonemic
phonetic
Two distinct levels for the sounds of speech
phonological level
phonetic level
the level speakers use to encode the sounds of the words of their langauge
phonological level
the way that the words are actually pronounced
phonetic level
T/F: the phonetic form is easier for the speaker to pronounce than the form encoded in the phonemic representation, whereas the phenemic form is easier for the speaker to represent in memory
True
economy of representation - def.
easy of pronunciation
both are what?
how the sounds of words are stored in memory
they are both relative to the particular linguistic system in question
