Pg 89-94 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the phonetician’s task in describing the sound system of a language?

A

to determine how many phonemes it has and how many distinctive categories of vowels and consonants

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2
Q

phonetic environment

A

refers to the relative position in which speech sounds occur

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3
Q

Most Important phonetic environment

A
  1. initial
  2. final
  3. Medial
  4. intervocalic
  5. prevocalic
  6. postvocalic
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4
Q

initial

A

after a pause

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5
Q

final

A

before a pause

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6
Q

medial

A

between to phones

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7
Q

intervocalic

A

between vowels

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8
Q

prevocalic and postvocalic

A

preceding or following certain sounds or a class of sounds

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9
Q

Primary stress

A

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10
Q

unstressed

A

“u”

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11
Q

contractive distribution

A

phones occur in the same environment

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12
Q

complementary distribution

A

phones in totally different environments

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13
Q

Phonemes

A

phones that occur in the same environment and can change meanings of the words

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14
Q

allophones

A

they are phonetically similar but alwasy ocur in different environments

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15
Q

T/F sounds that are important im a langauge are apparently random in their distribution

A

T

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16
Q

T/F sounds that are unimportant in a language are highly patterned and predicatavle in thier distibutions.

A

T

17
Q

Steps 1-4 of determining the status of sounds: different phonemes or allophone of the same phoneme

A

Identifying the sounds

Looking for Contrast

Look for Complementary Distribution

Use Near Minimal Pairs or Phonetic Environment of Less than a Word

18
Q

Minimal Pairs

A

pairs of words with different meanings and only one sound difference.

19
Q

What do minimal pairs prove?

A

That two different speech sounds are different phonemes of a language, because replacing ine with the other changes meaning.

20
Q

To prove that two phones in the corpus are ___ of a single phoneme, the phonetician has to find them in ___ ___.

A

allophones

complementary distribution

21
Q

Where one____ occurs the other __ occurs, vice versa

A

allophone

never

22
Q

two words with different meanings that differ in two phonemes

A

Near minimal pairs

23
Q

two sounds are found in the same environment, but there is NO change in meaning.

A

Free variation

24
Q

1 minimal pair used to prove that the sounds are___

Several near minimal pairs are needed to___

A

in contrast and are separate phonemes

convince phoneticians that the phones are in contrast.

25
Q

differing in one or two phonetic properties

A

phonetically similar

26
Q

general type of transcription, which shows only the phonemes of a language

are recorded in what?

A

broad (phonemic) transcription

slash bars

27
Q

A ___, or ___ transcription represents only the __ sounds of the language, that is, the general ___ of sounds, not the exact pronunciation.

A

broad
phonemic
distinct
category

28
Q

____ transcriptions, which are denoted by ___ can be pronounced by anyone who knows how to read the ___ symbols and ___ used

A

phonetic
brackets
IPA
diacritics

29
Q

T/F: phonologists (and native speakers) can almost always distinguish native from non-native pronunciation, even that of non-native speakers who are trained in phonetics because non-natives invariably pronounce some phonetic sequences differently from native speakers

A

true

30
Q

knowledge of ___, combined with accurate ___ transcriptions, is tremendously __ for learning how to speak in a way that is at least close to native speakers’ speech.

A

phonetics
phonetic
helpful