Pg 89-94 Flashcards
what is the phonetician’s task in describing the sound system of a language?
to determine how many phonemes it has and how many distinctive categories of vowels and consonants
phonetic environment
refers to the relative position in which speech sounds occur
Most Important phonetic environment
- initial
- final
- Medial
- intervocalic
- prevocalic
- postvocalic
initial
after a pause
final
before a pause
medial
between to phones
intervocalic
between vowels
prevocalic and postvocalic
preceding or following certain sounds or a class of sounds
Primary stress
’
unstressed
“u”
contractive distribution
phones occur in the same environment
complementary distribution
phones in totally different environments
Phonemes
phones that occur in the same environment and can change meanings of the words
allophones
they are phonetically similar but alwasy ocur in different environments
T/F sounds that are important im a langauge are apparently random in their distribution
T
T/F sounds that are unimportant in a language are highly patterned and predicatavle in thier distibutions.
T
Steps 1-4 of determining the status of sounds: different phonemes or allophone of the same phoneme
Identifying the sounds
Looking for Contrast
Look for Complementary Distribution
Use Near Minimal Pairs or Phonetic Environment of Less than a Word
Minimal Pairs
pairs of words with different meanings and only one sound difference.
What do minimal pairs prove?
That two different speech sounds are different phonemes of a language, because replacing ine with the other changes meaning.
To prove that two phones in the corpus are ___ of a single phoneme, the phonetician has to find them in ___ ___.
allophones
complementary distribution
Where one____ occurs the other __ occurs, vice versa
allophone
never
two words with different meanings that differ in two phonemes
Near minimal pairs
two sounds are found in the same environment, but there is NO change in meaning.
Free variation
1 minimal pair used to prove that the sounds are___
Several near minimal pairs are needed to___
in contrast and are separate phonemes
convince phoneticians that the phones are in contrast.
differing in one or two phonetic properties
phonetically similar
general type of transcription, which shows only the phonemes of a language
are recorded in what?
broad (phonemic) transcription
slash bars
A ___, or ___ transcription represents only the __ sounds of the language, that is, the general ___ of sounds, not the exact pronunciation.
broad
phonemic
distinct
category
____ transcriptions, which are denoted by ___ can be pronounced by anyone who knows how to read the ___ symbols and ___ used
phonetic
brackets
IPA
diacritics
T/F: phonologists (and native speakers) can almost always distinguish native from non-native pronunciation, even that of non-native speakers who are trained in phonetics because non-natives invariably pronounce some phonetic sequences differently from native speakers
true
knowledge of ___, combined with accurate ___ transcriptions, is tremendously __ for learning how to speak in a way that is at least close to native speakers’ speech.
phonetics
phonetic
helpful
