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Chemistry Year 10 > Pg 64-78 > Flashcards

Pg 64-78 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the mole ratio of hydrogen to oxygen produced during electrolysis of acidified water?

A

2 volumes of hydrogen to 1 volume of oxygen

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2
Q

What is the solubility of oxygen in water at 20 °C, 1 atm?

A

0.0043 g/100 g of water

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3
Q

What is the solubility of hydrogen in water at 20 °C, 1 atm?

A

0.00016 g/100 g of water

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4
Q

Which ions are present in a very dilute solution of sodium chloride?

A
  • Na+
  • Cl-
  • H+
  • OH-
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5
Q

What happens at the cathode during electrolysis of dilute sodium chloride solution?

A

H+ ions readily accept electrons

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6
Q

What is the half equation for the reaction at the cathode?

A

4H+(aq) + 4e- → 2H2

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7
Q

What is observed at the cathode during the electrolysis of dilute sodium chloride solution?

A

Colourless gas bubbles

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8
Q

What happens at the anode during electrolysis of dilute sodium chloride solution?

A

OH- ions readily give electrons

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9
Q

What is the half equation for the reaction at the anode?

A

4OH-(aq) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g) + 4e-

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10
Q

What is observed at the anode during the electrolysis of dilute sodium chloride solution?

A

Colourless gas bubbles

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11
Q

What is formed during the electrolysis of concentrated sodium chloride solution?

A

Equal volumes of hydrogen and chlorine gas

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12
Q

Which electrodes are used in the electrolysis of concentrated sodium chloride solution?

A

Graphite or platinum electrodes

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13
Q

True or False: In concentrated sodium chloride solution, only hydrogen is produced at the cathode.

A

False

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14
Q

What are the three classifications of materials based on their ability to conduct electricity?

A

Conductors (electrolytes), non-conductors (non-electrolytes), and semi-conductors.

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15
Q

What happens when ionic compounds are melted or dissolved in water?

A

They form ions that can move freely, allowing them to conduct electricity.

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16
Q

Why do solids generally not conduct electricity?

A

Solids do not conduct electricity because their ions or electrons are not free to move.

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17
Q

What is an example of a solid that can conduct electricity under specific conditions?

A

Silicon, which is a semi-conductor.

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18
Q

What is the hypothesis regarding iodine crystals and their ability to conduct electricity?

A

lodine crystals do not allow electric current to pass through them because solid iodine cannot form ions unless it is melted or dissolved in solvents like alcohol.

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19
Q

What conclusion can be drawn about metals like gold in terms of electrical conductivity?

A

Metals like gold are very good conductors because they allow electrons to move freely within their atomic structure.

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20
Q

What happens at the anode during electroplating?

A

Silver loses electrons to form silver ions in solution: Ag(s) → Ag+(aq) + e

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21
Q

What occurs at the cathode during electroplating?

A

Silver ions gain electrons at the cathode to form a layer of silver on the object: Ag+(aq) + e- → Ag(s)

22
Q

What happens when the layer of silver is thick enough?

A

The object is removed.

23
Q

What is one use of electroplating in industry?

A

Sink faucets are electroplated with chromium to make them shiny and protect from rusting.

24
Q

How is steel used in electroplating?

A

Steel is electroplated with tin to make food cans.

25
Q

What potential does electrochemistry hold for the future?

A

Electrochemistry holds huge potential for technological advances in areas such as hydrogen fuel cells and the hydrogen economy.

26
Q

What are some research areas in electrochemistry?

A

Producing hydrogen from air moisture, extracting chlorine from PVC, and developing environmentally friendly batteries.

27
Q

What is one goal of researchers in electrochemistry?

A

To find better ways of recycling catalysts.

28
Q

What is the overall outlook on opportunities in electrochemistry?

A

The opportunities are endless.

29
Q

What happens to ionic compounds when they are melted or dissolved in water?

A

lonic compounds form ions that can move freely, allowing them to conduct electricity.

30
Q

Why do solids generally not conduct electricity?

A

Solids generally do not conduct electricity because their ions or electrons are not free to move.

31
Q

What is an example of a solid that can conduct electricity under specific conditions?

A

Silicon is an example of a solid that can conduct electricity under specific conditions, classifying it as a semi-conductor.

32
Q

What is the hypothesis regarding iodine crystals and their ability to conduct electricity?

A

The hypothesis is that iodine crystals do not allow electric current to pass through them because solid iodine cannot form ions unless it is melted or dissolved in solvents like alcohol.

33
Q

What observation is made when distilled water is tested for electrical conductivity?

A

Distilled water does not conduct electricity; no bubbles and no light are observed.

34
Q

What happens when tap water is tested for electrical conductivity?

A

Tap water conducts electricity, and bubbles are observed at the graphite electrodes.

35
Q

Which substance produces gases when tested for electrical conductivity?

A

Both sodium chloride solution and sulfuric acid produce gases when tested.

36
Q

Does ethanol conduct electricity according to the experiment?

A

A: No, ethanol does not conduct electricity; nothing happens during the test.

37
Q

What conclusion can be drawn about ionic solids in the molten state?

A

lonic solids in the molten state conduct electricity and undergo a chemical change, making them electrolytes.

38
Q

What is electrolysis?

A

Electrolysis is the decomposition of an ionic compound either when molten or in aqueous solution due to the passage of electricity through it.

39
Q

What are the particles responsible for the conductivity of ionic substances in solution?

A

The particles responsible for the conductivity are called ions.

40
Q

How can electricity be produced?

A

Electricity can be produced by combustion, chemical means, or atomic energy.

41
Q

What is an electrolyte?

A

An electrolyte is a compound containing ions which, when molten or in solution, conducts an electric current and is decomposed by it, such as acids, alkalis, and soluble salts.

42
Q

What is the difference between a strong electrolyte and a weak electrolyte?

A

A strong electrolyte conducts electricity easily because it has a large number of mobile ions, while a weak electrolyte poorly conducts electricity because it has fewer mobile ions.

43
Q

Why do ionic substances not conduct electricity when solid?

A

lonic substances do not conduct electricity when solid because their ions cannot move.

44
Q

What happens to ionic substances when they are molten or dissolved in water?

A

When ionic substances are molten or dissolved in water, their ions become free to move around and conduct electricity, making the liquids or solutions electrolytes.

45
Q

What is the main difference between a conductor and an electrolyte in terms of chemical change?

A

In a conductor, no chemical change takes place during the conduction of electricity, whereas in an electrolyte, a chemical change occurs at each electrode as the electrolyte conducts current.

46
Q

How do conductors and electrolytes differ in terms of the particles responsible for conducting electricity?

A

Conductors conduct electricity due to the presence of delocalized electrons, while electrolytes conduct electricity due to the presence of mobile ions.

47
Q

In what phases do conductors and electrolytes conduct electricity?

A

Conductors can conduct electricity in the solid or liquid phase (e.g., metals and graphite), whereas electrolytes conduct electricity only in the liquid or aqueous phase.

48
Q

What happens to ions during the electrolysis of molten salts?

A

During the electrolysis of molten salts, anions (negative ions) are attracted to the positive electrode (anode) where they lose electrons, and cations (positive ions) are attracted to the negative electrode (cathode) where they gain electrons.

49
Q

Why are graphite or platinum typically used as electrodes in electrolysis?

A

Graphite or platinum are used as electrodes because they are inert, meaning they do not react with the electrolyte.

50
Q

What is the role of the cathode and anode in electrolysis?

A

The cathode is the electrode connected to the negative terminal of the DC supply, attracting cations, while the anode is connected to the positive terminal, attracting anions.

Chemistry Year 10 (4 decks)

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