Pg 54-62

Question 1

How can you determine the reactivity series of halogens?

Answer 1

By testing different combinations of halogens and their salts, you can determine the reactivity series. The most reactive halogen displaces all others from their salts and is not displaced by any other halogen, while the least reactive halogen displaces none and is displaced by all others

Question 2

What are metalloids?

Answer 2

Metalloids are elements with properties that are intermediate between those of metals and non-metals.

Question 3

what can be inferred about the physical state of most non-metals at room temperature?

Answer 3

Most non-metals at room temperature are gases.

Question 4

Name the groups of the Periodic Table

Answer 4

The groups mentioned are alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, halogens, and noble gases.

Question 5

What percentage of elements are metals according to the text?

Answer 5

About 80% of elements are metals.

Question 6

What are the typical properties of metals?

Answer 6

Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity, shiny when freshly cut, malleable, ductile, have high melting points, and high densities.

Question 7

What are the typical properties of non-metals?

Answer 7

Non-metals are poor conductors of heat and electricity, not malleable or ductile but brittle if solid, have low density in solid form, and low melting points.

Question 8

Give examples of metals.

Answer 8

Examples of metals include gold, silver, aluminum, and copper.

Question 9

Give examples of non-metals.

Answer 9

Examples of non-metals include hydrogen, oxygen, chlorine, and sulfur.

Question 10

What are Group 1 elements commonly known as?

Answer 10

Group 1 elements are commonly known as alkali metals.

Question 11

Why are Group 1 elements called alkali metals?

Answer 11

They are called alkali metals because they form alkaline solutions when they react with water.

Question 12

List some common uses of sodium compounds.

Answer 12

Sodium compounds are used in table salt, baking soda, soap, glass, and paper.

Question 13

What is a key ingredient in gunpowder from Group 1 elements?

Answer 13

Potassium nitrate is a key ingredient in gunpowder.

Question 14

What are some physical properties of Group 1 metals?

Answer 14

Group 1 metals are soft, can be cut easily with a knife, and have relatively low melting and boiling points compared to other metals.

Question 15

How does the melting point of alkali metals change as you go down the group?

Answer 15

The melting point decreases as you go down the group.

Question 16

Which element is the most reactive according to the reactivity series graph?

Answer 16

Potassium is the most reactive element according to the reactivity series graph.

Question 17

What happens when alkali metals react with cold water?

Answer 17

Alkali metals react violently with cold water, releasing hydrogen gas and forming metal hydroxides.

Question 18

Write the chemical equation for the reaction of potassium with water.

Answer 18

2K(s) + 2H20(1) → 2KOH(aq) + H2(g)

Question 19

How does sodium react with cold water compared to lithium?

Answer 19

Sodium reacts more vigorously with cold water than lithium, melting on contact to form a silvery ball and fizzing rapidly.

Question 20

What is observed when potassium reacts with water?

Answer 20

When potassium reacts with water, it burns with a lilac flame and fizzes violently.

Question 21

When potassium reacts with water, it burns with a lilac flame and fizzes violently.

Answer 21

Alkali metals are kept under oil to prevent them from reacting with water vapor and gases in the air.

Question 22

What happens when alkali metals react with water?

Answer 22

Alkali metals react violently with cold water, releasing hydrogen gas and forming metal hydroxides.

Question 23

Write the chemical equation for the reaction of sodium with water.

Answer 23

2Na(s) + 2H20(1) → 2NaOH(ag) + H2(g)

Question 24

How does the reactivity of alkali metals change down the group?

Answer 24

The reactivity of alkali metals increases down the group.

Question 25

What is the general word equation for the reaction of alkali metals with oxygen?

Answer 25

metal + oxygen → metal oxide

Question 26

Write the chemical equation for the reaction of sodium with oxygen.

Answer 26

4Na (s) + 02(g) → 2NaO (s)

Question 27

How does the reaction of potassium with oxygen compare to that of sodium?

Answer 27

The reaction of potassium with oxygen is faster than that of sodium.

Question 28

What are the physical states and colors of fluorine, chlorine, and bromine at room temperature?

Answer 28

Fluorine is a pale yellow gas, chlorine is a greenish-yellow gas, and bromine is a reddish-brown liquid at room temperature.

Question 29

How do the physical states of halogens change as you go down the group?

Answer 29

The physical states of halogens change from gases to liquids to solids as you go down the group.

Question 30

Write the general word equation for the reaction of halogens with hydrogen.

Answer 30

hydrogen + halogen → hydrogen halide

Question 31

Write the chemical equation for the reaction of hydrogen with chlorine.

Answer 31

H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) → 2HCl (g)

Question 32

How does the reactivity of halogens with hydrogen change down the group?

Answer 32

The reactivity of halogens with hydrogen decreases down the group.

Question 33

What is observed when fluorine reacts with hydrogen?

Answer 33

Fluorine explodes in the cold and dark when it reacts with hydrogen.

Question 34

What happens when hydrogen chloride dissolves in water?

Answer 34

When hydrogen chloride dissolves in water, it produces hydrochloric acid (HC|(aq)).

Question 35

What are some common uses of chlorine compounds?

Answer 35

Chlorine compounds are used for bleaching fabrics and paper, as antibacterial agents in water sanitation (drinking water, pools), and in the production of plastics like polyvinyl chloride (PVC) ano pharmaceuticals.

Question 36

How is iodine used in everyday life?

Answer 36

lodine dissolved in potassium iodide solution is used as an antiseptic to clean and sanitize wounds.

Question 37

What happens in a displacement reaction involving halogens?

Answer 37

In a displacement reaction, a more reactive halogen displaces a less reactive halogen from a compound. For example, when chlorine is added to sodium bromide solution, chlorine displaces bromine, forming sodium chloride and bromine.

Question 38

Write the chemical equation for the displacement reaction between chlorine and sodium bromide.

Answer 38

Cl2(ag) + 2NaBrag) → 2NaCl(aq) + Br(ag)

Question 39

How does the concept of shielding affect the reactivity of group 1 and group 7 elements?

Answer 39

Shielding affects the reactivity of group 1 and group 7 elements by reducing the effective nuclear charge felt by the outer electrons. In group 1, increased shielding makes it easier to lose an electron, increasing reactivity. In group 7, increased shielding makes it harder to attract an electron,
decreasing reactivity.

Question 40

What is the trend in atomic size as you go down group 1 and group 7?

Answer 40

The atomic size increases as you go down both group 1 and group 7. This is due to the addition of electron shells, which increases the distance between the outer electrons and the nucleus.

Question 41

Explain why group 7 non-metals become less reactive as you go down the group.

Answer 41

Group 7 non-metals become less reactive as you go down the group because the atoms get larger, and the outer shell is further from the nucleus. This increased distance and additional electron shielding reduce the nucleus’s ability to attract and gain an electron.

Question 42

Why do group 1 metals lose electrons more easily as you go down the group?

Answer 42

Group 1 metals lose electrons more easily as you go down the group because the outer electron is further from the nucleus, resulting in less attraction between the nucleus and the outer electron. Additionally, there is increased shielding from inner electron shells.