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Correlation 2 > Petroleum Geology and Coal > Flashcards

Petroleum Geology and Coal Flashcards

1
Q

Include both the depression and the sediment

A

Basin

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2
Q

Negative relief with respect to their surroundings

A

Basement

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3
Q

Areas that receive a normal veneer of sediment over the basement

A

Platforms
or
Shelves

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4
Q

Receive thinner than average sediment

A

Arches

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5
Q

Moderate to high geothermal gradient

Typified by volcano-clastic reservoirs

A

Backarc Basin

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6
Q

What type of tectonic margin is the Rift Basin?

A

Divergent margin

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7
Q

deals with the mineralogical composition of rocks and pore-fluid chemistry

A

Chemistry (Geochemistry)

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8
Q

List of all Backarc Basins in the Philippines

A

VSSCC

Visayan Basin
Southeast Luzon Basin
Cagayan Basin
Cotabato Basin
Sulu Sea Basin
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9
Q

refers to the specific set of geological disciplines that deals with the study of origin, occurrence, movement, accumulation, and exploration of hydrocarbon fuels.

A

Petroleum Geology

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10
Q

Insufficient trap size
High geothermal gradient
Inadequate development of source rocks

A

Rift Basin

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11
Q

List of all Rift Basins in the Philippines

A

SNMR

Northwest Palawan Basin
Mindoro-Cuyo Platform
Southwest Palawan Basin
Reed Bank Basin

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12
Q

What type of tectonic margin are the Backarc and Forearc basins?

A

Convergent Basins

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13
Q

deals with the transformation of plants & animals into hydrocarbons and fossil life

A

Biology (Biochemistry, Paleontology)

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14
Q

Limited hydrocarbon potential
Low geothermal gradient
Scarcity of good clastic reservoir

A

Forearc Basin

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15
Q

List of all Forearc Basins in the Philippines

A

BAWWICE

Ilocos Trough
Central Luzon Basin
West Luzon Basin
West Masbate-Iloilo Basin
Agusan-Davao Basin
Bicol Shelf
East Palawan Basin
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16
Q

deals with the structures involved in trapping and data gathering in wells

A

Physics (Geophysics)

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17
Q

means oil and essentially made up of hydrocarbon compounds

A

Petroleum

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18
Q

Solid form of Petroleum

A

Tar and Bitumen

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19
Q

Oil with high sulfur content

A

Sour Crude Oil

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20
Q

Gas form of Petroleum

A

Gas

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21
Q

Oil with little sulfur content

A

Sweet Crude Oil

Matinloc & Cadlao Oil

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22
Q

Hydrocarbon were derived from the geochemical conversion of organic matter and material in time through the agents of temperature and pressure

A

Organic Theory

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23
Q

Liquid form of Petroleum

A

Crude Oil

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24
Q

a concept that encompasses all of the disparate elements and processes of petroleum geology

A

Petroleum System

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25
Q

sedimentary rock containing organic material, which under heat, time, and pressure was transformed to liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons

A

Source Rock

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26
Q

movement of generated hydrocarbons from the source rock to the reservoir rock in a trap through conduits

A

Migration

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27
Q

Elements of Petroleum System

A 
Source Rock
Migration
Reservoir Rocks
Cap Rocks/Seal
Trap
Timing
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28
Q

any barrier to upward movement of oil and gas, allowing either or both to accumulate

A

Trap

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29
Q

an impervious or impermeable bed capping the reservoir rocks in a trap

A

Cap Rock/Seal

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30
Q

relationship between the time of trap formation and time of hydrocarbon generation and migration

A

Timing

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31
Q

refers solely to material composed of organic molecules in monomeric or polymeric form derived directly or indirectly from the organic part of organisms

A

Organic Material

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32
Q

Ultimate source of all organic matter was?

A

Atmospheric Conditions

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33
Q

It converts light energy to chemical energy by the transfer of hydrogen from water to carbon dioxide to produce organic matter in the form of glucose and oxygen.

A

Photosynthesis

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34
Q

any rock that has sufficient porosity and permeability to permit the storage and accumulation of crude oil or natural gas under adequate trap conditions, and to yield the hydrocarbons at satisfactory flow rate upon production

A

Reservoir Rock

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35
Q

primary producer of OM from Pre-Cambrian to Devonian

A

Marine Phytoplankton

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36
Q

4 MOST IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTORS OF OM IN SEDIMENTS

A

Phytoplanktons
Zooplanktons
Higher Plants
Bacteria

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37
Q

primary producer of OM from Devonian Onwards

A

Terrestrial Sources

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38
Q

Why is the Contribution from higher organized animals such as fishes is negligible

A

It might takes lots of time to completely bury high form of organized animals that decay may have occurred.

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39
Q

Present primary producer of OM

A

Both Marine Phytoplankton and Terrestrial Sources

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40
Q

Area where most OM are produced in

a. Terrestrial
b. Marine

Area where the least OM are produced in

c. Terrestrial
d. Marine

A

a. Forest
b. Estuaries Algal Reef Beds

c. Desert
d. Open Ocean

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41
Q

Why is Fine-grained sediments more favorable than coarse-grained sediments in the accumulation and preservation of OM?

A

Finer grained sediments will completely trap and will prevent the decay or breakdown of the OM

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42
Q

It is the organic material in sedimentary rocks which is insoluble in ordinary organic solvents.

A

Kerogen

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43
Q

It is the oil-like part of OM which is mobile

A

Bitumen

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44
Q

It is the organic material in sedimentary rocks which is soluble in ordinary organic solvents.

A

Bitumen

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45
Q

the most important to the petroleum geologist.

A

Kerogen

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46
Q

It is a product of the partial conversion of kerogen as a result of rising temperature and passing time

A

Bitumen

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47
Q

Kerogen Typing

Type I.
Type II.
Type III.
Type IV.

A

Type I. Algal kerogen or alginite
Type II. Formed from lipid components or exinite
Type III. Woody kerogen or vitrinite
Type IV. Eroded or reworked OM or inertinite

Type I. Oil prone
Type II. Oil and gas prone
Type III. Gas prone
Type IV. Only Gas

48
Q

Derived largely from algal material or from OM enriched in lipids due to microbial alteration

A

Type 1

49
Q

Derived from terrestrial higher plants and their parts including wood, cellulose, lignin, vitrinite and huminite

A

Type 3

50
Q

Derived not only from algae but also other organisms like bacteria, phytoplankton, zooplankton and minor amounts of terrigenous OM like spores and pollen

A

Type 2

51
Q

Coal is what type of Kerogen?

A

Type 3

52
Q

Result of either oxidation of OM during deposition or degradation due to diagenetic transformation

A

Type 3

53
Q

THE THREE MAIN STAGES OF THE EVOLUTION OF OM

A

Diagenesis
Catagenesis
Metagenesis

54
Q

the most important stage of the evolution of OM

A

Diagenesis

55
Q

Stage where Microbial activity ceases

A

Catagenesis

56
Q

Depth where kerogen crystallize

A

4.6km

57
Q

Occurs at shallow depths - first tens or hundreds of meters and low temperatures.
Microbial activity and compaction predominate

A

Diagenesis

58
Q

Stage where wet gas and methane is produced

A

Catagenesis

59
Q

is stable at any depth that can be reached by drilling

A

Methane

60
Q

Stage is of no interest to petroleum geology

A

Metagenesis

61
Q

Production of methane from kerogen

A

Cracking

62
Q

refers to the extent of time-temperature driven reactions that convert sedimentary organic matter (source rock) into oil, wet gas, and finally to dry gas and pyrobitumen

A

Thermal Maturity

63
Q

The reflectivity of the coal associated with the source rock is analyzed.
The most common method used to determine thermal maturity

A

Vitrinite Reflectance

64
Q

Alteration of coal associated with the source rock

A

Thermal Alteration index

65
Q

Major Source Rocks

A

Shale 65 %
Carbonate 21 %
Marl 12 %
Coal 2 %

66
Q

The hydrocarbon generated is expelled form the source rock into carrier beds

A

Primary Migration

67
Q

HCl is injected, dissolving the cement of the reservoir

A

Acidization

68
Q

From the carrier beds it further migrates until trapped

A

Secondary Migration

69
Q

liquid with sand is driven into the reservoir under high pressure

A

Fracturing

70
Q

Rocks that are porous and permeable that can store hydrocarbons coming from the source rocks

A

Reservoir Rock

71
Q

movement from one reservoir to another

A

Tertiary Migration

72
Q

Most common types of reservoir rocks

A

Sandstone – 60%

Limestone – 39%

73
Q

Most important reservoir rock

A

Sandstone Reservoir

74
Q
  • Cratonic interior of low relief where sands are derived from basement or older sedimentary rocks
  • Tectonically quiescent continental margin
  • Newly risen fold thrust belts
A

High Quartz Sands

75
Q
  • Uplifted granitic or gneissic basement
  • Intrusive rocks in interior basins
  • Rift zones with rapid erosion
A

Feldspathic or Arkoses Sandstone

76
Q

Magmatic arc terranes

A

Greywacke

77
Q

Well sorted, adequate porosity
Source of hydrocarbon is less likely to be available
Cross bedded, w/ rounded grains

A

Terrestrial (aeolian or dune sands)

78
Q

Deposited by rivers, nonmarine
Rest on erosional surface or unconformities
Common in braided section, w/ many channels and meander belts
Less well sorted than marine sands
Vertical succession of strata is fining upwards
Contain carbonaceous debris
High permeabilities

A

Fluvial (river deposits)

79
Q

Major sandstone reservoirs

A

deltaic distributary mouth bar and channel sands

80
Q

40% of world oil reserves

30% of world gas reserves

A

Limestone and Dolomite

81
Q

textural designation for all carbonate sediments of essentially clay-particle grain size

A

Lime Muds

82
Q

formed by deposition of CaCO3 around any nucleus

A

Coated Grains

83
Q

formed by worms ingesting lime mud to feed on its content of organic matter

A

Fecal Pellets

84
Q

aggregation of grains

A

Lumps

85
Q

or intraclast, may be abraded or redeposited

A

Detrital grains

86
Q
  • Commonest model deposited on the flanks of cratonic mass, continental margin, or other tectonic or depostional features
  • Deposited in very shallow marine water
  • Where sediment production exceeds subsidence rate, carbonate sediments accumulate up to approximate sea level
A

Carbonate Shelf Model

87
Q
  • No prominent break in slope
  • Facies belt tends to be broader
  • Much less common
  • Represent the earliest depositional stage in the development of a typical carbonate shelf model
A

Carbonate Ramp Model

88
Q

Homoclinal ramps

Distally steepened ramps

A

Carbonate Ramp

89
Q

Depositional or accretionary shelves
Bypass margins
Erosional margins

A

Rimmed Carbonate Shelves

90
Q

Bahama Type

A

Isolated Platform

91
Q

mostly varved lime muds and terrestrial clays occupying lake centers
rich source rocks for oil

A

Profundal Facies

92
Q

fringe the lake, lower amounts of clays, higher proportion of skeletal carbonate debris

A

Littoral Carbonates

93
Q

formed in shallow lakes & marshes

Requires periodic ponding of fresh water in shallow ponds developed on exposed carbonate platforms

A

Freshwater marl

94
Q

may be com posed of ooids, pellets, foraminifera, etc..

terrestrial fossils are useful indicators

A

Carbonate Dunes

95
Q

forms in semi-arid to arid alkaline soil zones by reprecipitation of low-Mg calcium carbonate

A

Caliche

96
Q

4 types of Caliche

A
  1. compact crust or hardpan
  2. platy or sheetlike
  3. nodular-crumbly
  4. massive-chalky
97
Q

Indicators of substantial sea-level drop or tectonic uplift, exposure and action of vadose & phreatic processes on carbonate rocks

A

Cave deposits

98
Q

Major Type of Seals

A

Shales – 65%
Evaporites – 33%
Carbonates - 2%

99
Q

Ductile Seal Lithology

high to low ductility

A

SAKSCC

Salt
Anhydrite
Kerogen-rich Shales
Silty Shales
Cabonate Mudstones
Chert
100
Q

It is a configuration of a rock body that constrains the movement of the fluid in the reservoir

A

Trap

101
Q

Types of traps

A 
Anticlines			75 %
Faults				1 %
Salt diapirs			2 %
Unconformities		3 %
Reefs				3 %
Other stratigraphies	7 %
Combination			9 %
102
Q

are rocks with reservoir-qualities that abut the reservoir

A

Thief Beds

103
Q

must envelope the reservoir rock to prevent it from leaking out to the surface or dispersed elsewhere

A

Seal

104
Q

Post depositional events should prevent it to further migrate or become biodegraded

A

Retention

105
Q

The process of prospecting for petroleum can take many paths before a well is ready to be drilled

A

Stage 1: prospecting

106
Q

prospect generation begins with the search of anomalies, a deviation from whatever trend is normal

A

Anomaly

107
Q

is an anomaly that can be developed to be a prospect with additional data

A

Lead

108
Q

is an anomaly that can be defined with existing data and meets a set of criteria requisite for commercial accumulation of hydrocarbons

A

Prospect

109
Q

a collection of valves

A

Christmas Tree

110
Q 
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
Stage 5
A 
1 - prospecting
2 - drilling
3 - production
4 - transport
5 - refining
111
Q

simply the altered remains of originally lush vegetation which existed at various intervals from 50 to 350 million years ago.

A

Coal

112
Q

6 major coal blocks

A

Eastern & Western Mindanao
Visayas Basin
Luzon Block
Eastern and Western Seaboard

113
Q

Area with the highest resource potential

A

Semirara

114
Q

Where is Peat found?

A

Samar-Leyte

Pliocene to Pleistocene

115
Q

Where is High Volatile A Bituminous found?

A

Catanduanes Region

Eocene

Correlation 2 (19 decks)

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