Ore Deposits Flashcards
rock or minerals that are mined, processed and delivered at a profit
Ore
non-valuable minerals in the ore
Gangue
mineralized rock that is too lean in the ore to yield a profit
Protore
non-valuable portion of ore
Waste
concentration of minerals
Mineral Deposit
concentration of minerals which certain elements can be recovered economically
Ore Deposit
or
Ore Body
lowest grade or quality of mineralized material that qualifies as economically mineable and available in a given deposit
Cut off Grade
average content of an element in the earth’s crust
Clarke of Concentration
ore formed;
a. same time as the host rock
b. after the host rock
c. within the earth
d. at the earth’s surface
e. from either magma or fluids
f. as a consequence of alteration of pre-existing minerals
a. Syngenetic Ore
b. Epigenetic Ore
c. Hypogene Ore
d. Supergene Ore
e. Primary Ore
f. Secondary Ore
the study of geologic material used by man to facilitate his task
Resource Geology
any geological material which is of commercial value to human society
Economic Mineral
accumulations or concentration of one or more useful substances that are for most part sparsely distributed in the earth’s outer crust
Mineral Deposit
naturally occurring solids, liquids or gases known or thought to exist in or on the Earth’s crust in concentration which make extraction feasible either at present or sometime in the future
Geologic Resource
a subset of geologic resource; that portion of an identified resource which can be extracted economically using current technology
Geologic Reserve
the first large scale mining industry
30,000 to 20,000 BC
Clay
Oldest form of mining is for
Gemstones and decorative stones
is presumes to have been used before Copper
Gold
(a) noted the occurrence of gold in quartz veins
(b) a pupil of Aristotle described 16 mineral groups as metals, stones and earth
(c) grouped the minerals as stones, sulfur minerals, metals and salts recognizing the sulfide group
a. Herodotus
b. Theophrastas
c. Avicenna
a. Father of the science of the study of ore deposits
(Economic Geology)
b. the book written by (a)
c. Translated (b)
a. Georgius Agricola
b. De Re Metallica Libri XII
c. Herbert and Lou Henry Hoover
WHO?
a. ores a product of condensation from vapors ascending through fissures
b. importance of hydrothermal solution and vapors of deep-seated origin, recognized metasomatic replacement
c. distinguished discordant veins from concordant bedded deposits
d. metals and minerals in the veins were the result of alteration reactions between country rock and water that had passed through them
a. Nicolas Steno
b. Henkel and Zimmermann
c. Von Oppel
d. Charpenteir
WHO?
a. veins are open fissures filled with minerals leached from the adjacent country rock
b. called the process of magmatic segregation to explain how are minerals became concentrated in definite layers in IGN Rock
c. recognized the near surface alteration of ores by atmospheric agents
d. stated that Pyrometasonatic deposits as high temp replacement bodies near the border zones of igneous intrusives
a. Gerhard
b. Scipione Breislak
c. Dellius
d. Waldermar Lindgren
a. ore formed by hot, aqueous solution
Ore formed at
b. great depth and high temperature
c. intermediate depth and mid temperature
d. shallow depth and low temperature
e. shallow depth from ‘‘nearly spent’’ solutions
f. shallow depth and high temperature
a. Hydrothermal Deposit
b. Hypothermal
c. Mesothermal
d. Epithermal
e. Telethermal
f. Xenothermal
a. ore are direct magmatic product or are formed as products of differentiation
b. ore deposits were formed from sediment in a primival ocean
a. Plutonism (magmatists)
b. Neptunism (syngeneticists)
The PMRC is constituted by several agencies
Philippine Mineral Development Institute Foundation
Philippine Stock Exchange
Mines and Geoscience Bureau
Chamber of Mines of the Philippines
Philippines-Australia Business Council
Board of Investments
Department or Trade and Industry
Accredited professional organizations of the mineral industry by PRC
Philippine Society of Mining Engineers
Geological Society of the Philippines
Society of Metallurgical Engineers of the Philippines
Recognized Overseas Professional Organization
Which agency provides the guidelines in the reporting for all deposit types except petroleum and gas?
Philippine Stock Exchange
a. sufficient information, clear and unambiguous presentation of data, not misleading
b. report contains all relevant info for the readers to make a reasoned and balanced judgment
c. based on work of the competent person
a. Transparency
b. Materiality
c. Competence
are the responsibility of the public company thru its Board of Directors and based on info and supporting documentations prepared by Competent Person
Public Reports
is a member of PSEM, GSP, PSME, duly accredited by the professional organization to w/c he/she belongs or a ROPO included in the list promulgated as the need arise
Competent Person
data, information and reports generated by exploration programmes that may be of use to investors and/or their financial advisers
Exploration Result
a concentration or occurrent of material intrinsic economic interest in or on the Earth’s crust in such form, quality and quantity that are reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction
Mineral Resource
-based on geological evidence, sampling and assumed but not verified geological and/or grade continuity
Inferred Mineral Resource
-based on exploration, sampling and testing information gathered through appropriate techniques from outcrops, trenches, pits, working and drill holes
Indicated Mineral Resource
-based on detailed and reliable exploration, sampling, testing information gathered through appropriate techniques from outcrops, trenches, pits, workings and drill holes
Measured Mineral Resource
econimically mineable part of a measured and/or indicated mineral resource
Ore Reserve
the economically mineable part of an indicated and in some circumstances, a measured mineral resource
Probable Ore Reserve
economically mineable part of a measured mineral resource
Proved Ore Reserve
data consolidation and interpretation to explain the geology and mineralization methods
Geological Modelling
dividing the deposit into series of rectilinear blocks
Block Modelling
polygons drawn around individual data points
Polygonal Estimation
branch of statistics focusing on spatiotemporal data sets
Geostatistics
basic tool providing a statistical measure of maximum distance that can be used in inverse distance weightin at any given direction
Variogram
elegant class of inverse distance weighting
Kringing
opaque, solid, shiny, smooth and good conductor of heat and electricity
Metal
metals that
a. occurs in pure form
b. are rare and economically important
c. are commonly used in industry
a. Native Metals
b. Precious Metals
c. Base Metals
process of releasing metals from minerals
Smelting
high temperature rock melt of liquid and crystals
Magma
a. enriched in Cu-Mo-Zn-Pb-Ag-Au
b. enriched in Sn-W-Be-U-Li
c. alkali/atectonic
d. mantle derived
a. I-type Granite
b. S-type Granite
c. A-type Granite
d. M-type Granite
Temperature for
a. Felsic
b. Mafic
c. Ultramafic
a. 625
b. 1200
c. 1600
a process where a partly crystallized magma is subjected to stress, the fluid fraction is squeezed off from the residual crystalline mush
Filter Pressing
metallic elements concentrated in crystalline residual mush or in fluid fraction and forced into the surrounding rocks
Magmatic Injection
Oxides or sulfides dominted magma or magmatic fractions that solidify as ore
Ore magma
occurs when magma composition point approaches a situation surface at and beyond which two or more liquid exist
Liquid Immiscibility
formed from continuous cooling, differentiation and crystallization of intermediate to silicic magma
Hydrothermal Fluid
any water that passed thru and equilibriated with the atmosphere
Meteoric Water
involved in formation evaporites, phosphorites, submarine exhalatives, Mn nodules and oceanic crust deposits
- a medium of dispersion of dissolved ions, molecules, and suspended particles
Sea water
water out of contact with atmosphere for an appreciable part of geologic period
Connate water
connate and meteoric water enclosed in rocks buried the surface of the earth and subjected to heat and pressure accompanying magmatic intrusion or regional metamorphism
Metamorphic Fluids
- groundwater in deep mines
- dominated by Na and CaSO4
Mine Water
- ore deposit are formed by complex processes rather than by simple end-member ones
- ore bearing fluids of base metal deposits Na-Ca-Cl brines
Thermal Hot Spring
sinking of globules of a heavy liquid formed by immiscibility within and from a parent liquid after some diiferentiation
Late Liquid Gravitative Accumulation
residual liquid is squeezed out into the surrounding rocks
Magmatic Injection
the process by which country rock is broken up and removed by the upward movement of magma
Stoping
refers to the ration of pore volume to total volume
Porosity
capacity to transmit a fluid through the rock across a pressure gradient
Permeability
a function of primary permeability than secondary permeability
Deep Fluid Flow
major mechanism of mass transport in deep environment of restricted mechnical fluid flow
Diffusiom
the less effective mechanism of transport because rates of diffusion through these media are considerably slower than rates through liquid
Dry Diffusion
any process that increases permeability, causes a favorable chemical changes or induces brittleness in the rocks may localize precipitation from ore-bearing fluids
Ground Preparation
interstitial openings between grains, capable of absorbing fluids
Pore Spaces
permit the ingress of hydrothermal solutions and replacement by one of adjacent walls
Bedding Plane
opening in lava flows cause by expanding and escape of vapours
Vesicles
result from contraction in cooling igneous rocks
Cooling Cracks
form when the outside of the lava has solidified and the liquid in the center drains out, leaving a pipe or tunnel
Volcanic Flow Drains
a breccia consists of fragments or broken rock held by a matrix;
Breccia Cavities
continuous tabular openings in rocks, generally of considerable length, formed by tensile, compressive or tensional forces that may or may not be accompanied by faulting
Fissures
result where fracture, instead of being concentrated in one or two single breaks, are expressed in innumerable closely spaced and more or less parallel discontinuous surfaces of deep-seated rupture and crushing
Shear Zone Cavities
may give rise to saddle reef openings at the crest of folds, pitches and and flats, longitudinal cracks along the crest of anticlines and synclines
Folding and Warping
rocks may be rendered porous by alteration
Rocks Alteration Openings
tabular bodies of ore and gangue minerals that are long in two dimension and short in the third, formed along cracks or fissure zones; fault planes and specially favorable loci
Veins
deposits in small veinlets distributed along tabular zone
Lead, Load or Fissure Zones
a 3d zone laced with closely spaced irregular veinlets as to be pervasively fractured and, commonly mineralized
Stockwork
the reaches portion within veins, pipes or other form
Shoot
or
Ore Shoots
a high velocity volcanic explosion vent
diatreme
arch like or pipe shaped ore deposit
Saddle Reed
vein arranged in step-like or ladderlike form
Ladder vein
settling and accumulation of crystallizing minerals in high-T mafic magma
Magmatic Sedimentation
direct result of igneous differentiation
Magmatic Segregation Deposits
depressurization without heat loss
Throttling or Adiabatic Heat Loss or Retrograde Boiling
process of simultaneous capillary solution and deposition by which a new mineral of partly wholly differing chemical composition may grow in the body of an old mineral or mineral aggregates
Replacement
or
Metasomatism
a mineral or mineral aggregates retaining the outward form proper to a pre-existing mineral or mineral aggregates which it has replaced.
Pseudomorph
- common in shallow zones where brittle deformation dominates, it remains open due to low pressure condition
- feature in shallow zone (<3km depth)
Open Space Filling
-early formed crystals become encrusted with later mineral because the fluid changes its composition during deposition
Crustification
fomed when euhedral prismatic crystals of opposite walls merge
Comb Structure
mineralization within the open spaces of a breccia or any other fragmental rock
Cockade Structure
a texture shows colloform but not sure if come from true colloform resembles
Colloform Texture
used when deposition from a true colloform system
Colloidal Texture
which develop due to dehydration of a gel
Shrinkage Cracks
are colored bands that form when an electrolyte is allowed to diffuse into a gel
Liesegang rings
indication of formation from a colloidal solution
Amorphous Minerals
or
Mineraloids
are rounded objects similar to pisolites which results from the low surface tension of a colloid
Spheroidal Texture
a geological term meaning the rock native to an area
Country Rock
any change in the mineralogic composition of a rock brought about by physical of chemical means
Alteration
also known as halo, envelope or salvage
Wall-rock Alteration Zone
represents a chemical and mineralogical transition or buffer zone from fresh rock outside to the vein environment inside
Zoning
a chemical process in which a molecule of water, specifically H+ is added to a substance
Hydrolysis
is a chemical reaction in which a substance combines with water
Hydration
also known as Zimmer’s Hydrogenesis is a chemical reaction that involves the loss of a water molecule from the reacting molecule
Dehydration
reaction of alkali-earth elements in to the minerals to have different composition
Alkali or Alkali-Earth Metasomatism
removal of carbon
Decarbonation
the act or process of silicating
Silication
refer to the addition of silica as quartz or one of its polymorph
Silicification
most important reaction affecting ferrous-ferric ion and sulfur containing minerals and complexes
Oxidation-Reduction (Redox)
is the term for the conversion of an organic substance into carbon or carbon-containing residue through pyrolysis or destructuve distillation
Carbonization
the process of removing sulfiding
Desulfidation
process of adding sulfiding
Sulfidation
the process of adding fluorite
Fluoridation
- form from the decomposition of Fe-Mg bearing minerals
- occurs at relatively low temperature
- distal setting relative to other alteration types
- turn rocks green
Propylitic Alteration
- forms by the decomposition of feldspars
- alters the rock to a very fine-grained mica
- indicates low pH conditions
Sericitic Alteration
Sericite + quartz alteration
-associated with porphyry copper deposits may contain appreciable quantities of fine-grained disseminated pyrite
Phyllic Alteration
- relatively high temperature type of alteration which results to potassium enrichment
- can occur in deeper plutonic environment where orthoclase will be formed, or in shallow volcanic environment where adularia is formed
- evidence of typically sinuous and rather discontinuous vein patterns
Potassic Alteration
- its presence is usually an indication of Na enrichment
- relatively high temperature type of alteration
- a white mica paragonite is also formed
Albititic Alteration
is a process by which Ca-bearing plagioclase feldpar is altered to a characteristic assemblage of minerals; the typical assemblage formed including zoisite, chlorite, amphibole, and carbonates
Saussurization
- development of amphibole from pyroxene, a late magmatic or metamorphic process of replacement whereby _____ amphibole results from alteration of primary pyroxene
- the alteration in which pyroxene is changed to amphibole
Uralitization
- alteration in which there is an addition of secondary silica
- silica flooding
- occur at wide range of temperature
Silicification
- alteration that commonly formed in association with quartz
- forms any silicate minerals
- occur over a wide range of temperature
Silication
a rock containing parallel veins of quartz + muscovite + other minerals (often tourmaline)
Greisen
- alteration forms carbonate minerals
- alteration form zonal patterns around ore deposits with more Fe-rich types occurring proximal to the deposit
Carbonatization
- alteration closely associated with certain hot spring environment
- suggests high SO4 gas contents were present
- result from oxidation of sulfide minerals
Alunitic Alteration
- alteration introduces any one of a wide variety of clay minerals
- low temperature event and some may occure in atmospheric conditions
- early signs includes bleaching out of feldspars
Argillic Alteration
- alteration that consists of Kaolinite + Quartz + Hematite + Limonite
- low pH conditions
- at high temp, pyrophyllite forms kaolinite
Advanced Argillic Alteration
- alteration often associated with volcanic environments
- formed during the waning stages of volcanic activity
Zeolitic Alteration
- this type of alteration is only common when the host rocks are mafic to ultramafic in composition
- (a) relatively low temperature mineral
- (b) indicates a higher concentration of magnesium
- have relatively higher Fe and Mg contents
Serpentinization and Talc Alteration
(a) -serpentine
(b) -talc
- the formation of any type of oxide mineral
- alteration commonly form hematite and limonite
- temperature range is variable
- can occur as a result of having low to moderate fluid temperature
Oxidation
comprises all of the non-economic; unwanted minerals in the ore
Gangue
spatial distribution patterns of
a. major or trace elements
b. mineral species
c. mineral assemblages
d. textures
a. Cryptic or Chemical Zoning
b. Mineral Zoning
c. Assemblage Zoning
d. Textural Zoning
changes in molecular or ionic species and in their activities in an evolving fluid produces changes in ore and gangue mineralogy along course of deposition
Zoning
-zoning on a very large scale and best thought of in terms of metallogeny
Regional Zoning
or
Metallogenic Zoning
is the study of the genesis and distribution of mineral deposits, with emphasis on their relationship in space and time to regional petrologic and tectonic features of the Earth’s crust
Metallogeny
-zoning associated with orogeny
Regional Zoning
-zoning that shows groups of minerals have characteristically been formed in more or less constant sequence in hydrothermal ore deposit
District Zoning
reversal result from abnormally rapid deposition
Dumping
-the deposit or district has overlapping mineral zone
- the deposition takes place slowly
- restricted to large deposits formed under shallow conditions
Telescoped deposit
two or more mineral zones overlaps
Overlapping
-this level of zoning refers to variations of paragenesis
Orebody Zoning
- a deposit that does not form any recognizable zoning
- formed in the environments of apparently gentle chemical and thermal gradients
Persistent Deposits
formed as microscopic cavities as crystals grow, trapping some of the gases and/or liquids which they crystallize
Fluid Inclusion
inclusions formed in growing crystals, no leakage. It dispersed through a mineral with no clear relationship to any structure that would permit escape or entry of gas or liquid
Primary Inclusion
- with fractures and sealed again, records conditions of later hydrothermal stage
- formed after primary crystallization
Secondary Inclusion
looks like secondary but may not be if the host crystal was fractured as the crystal was growing
Pseudosecondary
heating increasingly the sample until a heterogeneous fluid inclusion homogenizes.
Filling Temperature
or
Minimum Temperature of Formation
by the freezing point depression method and slowly warming until last ice melts.
Total NaCl equivalent salinity of the fluid
the minimum melting points
Eutectic Point
inclusion is opened up and direct tests on the liquid by optical physical properties
Composition of the ore-bearing fluid
property of a substance to emit visible light when it is heated
Thermoluminescence
estimation of temperature conditions at which a geologic material formed
Geothermometry
estimation of pressure conditions at which a geologic material formed
Geobarometry
radioactivity studies can therefore be used geochemically or to study the geochemistries of element separators, that is, source considerations
Radioisotopes
-also called common-lead dating
Uranium-Thorium-Lead Dating
