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Correlation 2 > Geochemistry > Flashcards

Geochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

study of the nature and distribution of chemical elements in rocks and minerals; the application of
basic chemistry to earth sciences

A

Geochemistry

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2
Q

GEOCHEMISTRY was first coined or used as a term by

A

Christian Friedrich Schonbein

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3
Q

the first geochemist in the modern sense of the world

A

Frank W. Clarke

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4
Q

Book of Frank W. Clarke

A

The data of geochemistry

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5
Q

correlated the mineral formation and structure to its

chemical composition

A

Victor M. Goldschmidt

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6
Q

Father of Modern and Crystal Chemistry

A

Victor M. Goldschmidt

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7
Q

rock loving mineral

A

Lithophile

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8
Q

ore loving mineral

A

Chalcophile

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9
Q

iron loving mineral

A

Siderophile

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10
Q

gas loving mineral

A

Atmophile

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11
Q

a model of the evolution of the universe that

postulates its origin from a hot, dense mass that expanded rapidly and cooled

A

Bigbang Theory

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12
Q

fundamental composition of Bigbang Theory

A

Quark soup

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13
Q

is the energy of radiation produced at a specific wavelength when the universe was at temperatures
greater than about 3000oK

A

Cosmic Microwave Radiation

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14
Q

spectral lines of light emitted by distant galaxies

A

Red shift

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15
Q

“hierarchy of heavenly bodies”

A 
➢Cluster of galaxies
➢Galaxies
➢Stars, pulsars, and black holes
➢Planets
➢Satellites
➢Comets
➢Asteroids
➢Meteoroids
➢Dust particles
➢Molecules
➢Atoms of H and He
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16
Q

produced by contraction of interstellar gases resulting in increase in temperature; energy production by H fusion becomes possible and thus produces the star.

A

Main Sequence Stars

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17
Q

high luminosity and high temperature stars

A

Blue Giant

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18
Q

stars less massive than the sun

A

Red Dwarf

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19
Q

bigger than the sun and is formed by depletion of H in the core during the main phase; the energy production shifted from the core to the outer shell.

A

Red Giant

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20
Q

end stage of stellar evolution; contraction leads to the
increase in core temperature and eventually explodes to
form the supernova; the star cycle begins again

A

Pulsar, White Dwarf, Black Hole

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21
Q

the theory that explains the complexation of material from the simple structure of H and deuterium

A

Nucleosynthesis

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22
Q

diffuse mass of interstellar gas and dust.

A

Solar Nebula

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23
Q

condensates accreted to form larger bodies as a result of selective adhesion caused by electrostatic and magnetic forces.

A

Planetisimal

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24
Q

volatile-rich planetisimals composed of water,

ammonia, methane, and other volatiles

A

Cometisimal

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25
Q

chunks of rock from space that land on Earth

A

Meteorite

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26
Q

Minerals in meteorite

A

KPOP

Kamacite
Pyroxene
Olivine
Plagioclase

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27
Q

Bronzite is what group of mineral?

A

Pyroxene

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28
Q

Predominantly Ni-Fe alloys Minor amounts of other minerals such as troilite (FeS) Types classified according to % Ni:

A

Iron Meteorite

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29
Q

has Widmanstatten structure, exsolution feature formed by slow cooling

A

Octahedrite

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30
Q

Minerals found in Iron Meteorite

A

HAO

Hexahedrite
Ataxite
Octahedrite

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31
Q

Chiefly silicates, mostly ferromagnesian Up to 1/4 metallic Ni-Fe Types

A

Stone Meteorite

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32
Q

Contain chondrules

A

Chondrite

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33
Q

Most important chondrite

A

Carbonaceous Chondrite

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34
Q
  • Have same composition as Sun’s atmosphere

- High content of volatiles

A

Chondrite

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35
Q
  • Same composition as terrestrial mafic and ultramafic rocks

- Most achondrites are breccias

A

Achondrite

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36
Q

Equal amounts of silicates and Ni-Fe
alloys Many are crystallized silicates which have been
brecciated, then invaded by metallic and sulfide melts

A

Stony Meteorite

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37
Q

no chondrules

A

Achondrite

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38
Q

Pallasite is what type of mineral?

A

Olivine

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39
Q

What minerals are found in Stony Meteorite?

A

Pallasite

Mesosiderite

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40
Q

protons are _____ more massive than electrons.

A

1825 times

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41
Q

denotes any of the more than 1300 different atomic forms characterized by a distinct combination of protons and neutrons; only about 270 of which are stable

A

Nuclide

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42
Q

composed of positively charged protons and neutrons,

particles of nearly equal mass but of zero charge

A

Nucleus

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43
Q

Elements of even atomic number are more abundant than those of odd atomic number on either side

A

Oddo-Harkins Rule

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44
Q

play the crucial role of overcoming
the repulsive forces between protons, thus binding
the nucleus to a tight structural unit

A

Neutron

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45
Q

refers to the number of proton in an atom of an element

A

Atomic Number

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46
Q

number of protons plus the number of neutrons

in an atom of an element

A

Atomic Mass

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47
Q

the sum of the masses of its naturally occurring isotopes weighted in accordance with their abundances

A

Atomic Weight

48
Q

variation in atomic masses due to differences in the number neutrons of an element

A

Isotope

49
Q

– nuclides having constant mass number but a different

atomic number

A

Isotone

50
Q

nuclides having the same atomic mass but different

neutron number and atomic number

A

Isobar

51
Q

a region surrounding the nucleus occupied by electrons

having approximately the same energy.

A

Electron Shell

52
Q

Charge deficiencies that result from the substitution of
ions of unequal charges must be compensated by a
second substitution involving an ion having a different
charge

A

Coupled Substitution

53
Q

An alternative to coupled substitution in which ions
are attached on the charged surfaces of small ions;
usually displayed by the clay minerals.

A

Adsorption

54
Q

This occurs when the minor element has the same
charge and a similar atomic radius as the major
element it is replacing

A

Camouflage

55
Q

This takes place when a minor element enters a crystal preferentially because it has a higher ionic potential than the ions of the major element

A

Capture

56
Q

This involves the entry of a foreign ion that has a lower ionic potential that the major ion because it has either a lower charge or a larger radius, or both; the extent to which ions are admitted into a particular lattice site
decreases as the difference in radii of competing ions increases

A

Admission

57
Q

possesses lowest potential energy possible for the mineral

A

Stable

58
Q

possesses the highest potential energy

A

Unstable

59
Q

requires an energy hurdle to put in the most stable form or of
lower potential energy

A

Metastable

60
Q

reveals or shows the ranges of stability in

pressure-temperature space

A

Phase Diagram

61
Q

areas representing the range of applied

pressure and temperature in which a mineral may exist in its stable form

A

Stability Fields

62
Q

the line separating the various stability
fields and defines a restricted set of circumstance under
which the separated phase coexist in equilibrium

A

Phase Boundary

63
Q

energy required for transformation to take place and is represented by the height of the energy hurdle

A

Activation Energy

64
Q

– concerned on the free energy changes
associated with chemical equilibrium between phases, and provides the tools for working out which mineral
assemblages will be stable under which conditions.

A

Thermodynamics

65
Q

deals with the mechanics of the reactions that lead to equilibrium, and the rates at which they occur

A

Chemical Kinetics

66
Q

– a part of the universe which we wish to confine attention or whose properties are under consideration; the system is separated from its surroundings by a boundary whose properties can be defined

A

System

67
Q

– one that is free to exchange both matter and energy

with the surroundings

A

Open System

68
Q

– a part or parts of a system occupying a specific volume

and having uniform physical and chemical characteristics which distinguishes it form all other parts of the system

A

Phase

69
Q

one that is sealed with respect to the transfer of

matter, but that can still exchange energies with its surroundings

A

Closed System

70
Q

– comprise the minimum number of chemical species required to specify completely the compositions of all the phases present

A

Components

71
Q

all parts of the system have the same temperature;

there is no net transfer of heat

A

Thermal Equilibrium

72
Q

one that is capable of exchanging neither mass or

energy with its surroundings

A

Isolate System

73
Q

– the diffusion rates of an element in and out of the

crystal are unequal; there will be a net change of composition of each phase with time.

A

Disequilibrium

74
Q

the distribution of components among the phases of

a system has become constant, showing no net change with time

A

Chemical Equilibrium

75
Q

for every element present the flux of atoms across the

crystal boundary is the same in both directions resulting in zero net flow, and no change of composition in time

A

Equilibrium

76
Q

a formula which expresses the number of phases that can coexist in mutual equilibrium in terms of the
number of components in the system

A

Phase Rule

77
Q

An Al2SiO5 that forms at low temperature

A

Kyanite

78
Q

means that the three phase equilibrium

assemblage completely constrains the state of the system to a particular combination of P and T

A

Invariant

79
Q

one degree of freedom indicates that the state of the

system is only unconstrained in one direction which is along the phase boundary

A

Univariant

80
Q

the pressure and the temperature can vary independently without upsetting the equilibrium phase
assemblage

A

Divariant

81
Q

is the locus of temperatures below which a given

substance is completely solid

A

Solidus

82
Q

The temperature which partial melting starts

A

Solidus

83
Q

The temperature above which a material is completely liquid

A

Liquidus

84
Q

the point on a phase diagram where the maximum number of allowable phases are in equilibrium

A

Eutectic Point

85
Q
  • A phase that has a composition intermediate between two other phases.
A

Intermediate Compound

86
Q

Temperature where crystallization occurs

A

Liquidus

87
Q

The point on a phase diagram where a reaction takes place between a previously precipitated phase
and the liquid to produce a new solid phase

A

Peritectic Point

88
Q

melting wherein a phase melts to a liquid with the same composition as the solid

A

Congruent Melting

89
Q

are usually measured in percentage and are commonly above 1% of the chemical composition of the material

A

Major Elements

90
Q

melting wherein a phase melts to a liquid with a composition different from the solid and produces a solid of different composition to the original solid.

A

Incongruent Melting

91
Q

are elements that occur in such small concentrations that they do not change the essence of what a material is. usually < 0.1%

A

Trace Element

92
Q

are everything in between. Technically, this means things between 1% and 0.1%.

A

Minor Element

93
Q

Useful for rocks in mobile belts that are no longer recognizably in their original setting

A

Trace Element

94
Q

ions that do not fit into the structure of the rock-forming minerals or minerals precipitating in the magma

A

Incompatible Elements

95
Q

Are not necessarily primitive nor primary but

where other magmas derived

A

Parental Magma

96
Q

ions easily

accommodated in the mineral structure.

A

Compatible Elements

97
Q

are the first magma derived from primitive magma.

A

Primary Magma

98
Q

magma derived from the mantle

A

Primitive Magma

99
Q

mineral found in fertile unaltered magma

A

Lherzolite

100
Q

mineral found in a most evolved magma

A

Dunite

101
Q

separates the subalkaline from the alkaline fields at low P

A

Thermal Divide

102
Q

What element is being consumed by plagioclase that results to a negative anomaly?

A

Europium

103
Q

High concentration indicate a mantle source, limited fractionation

A

Cr, Ni, Co

104
Q

Implies an enriched source or extensive liquid evolution

A

Zr, Hf

105
Q

Found in subduction-related melts, typically low conc

A

Nb, Ta

106
Q

Indicator of Pxn fractionation

A

Sc

107
Q

Substitutes for Ca in plagioclase

A

Sr

108
Q

Used to study melting and crystallization

A

Ru, Rh, Re. Pd, Pt, Os, Ir

109
Q

Used in modeling source characteristics and liquid evolution

A

REE

110
Q

Strongly partitioned in Garnet and Amp

A

Y

111
Q

is a non-destructive analytical technique used to

determine the elemental composition of materials

A

XRF

112
Q

is the primary, non-destructive tool for identifying

and quantifying the mineralogy of crystalline compounds in rocks

A

XRD

113
Q

s a spectroanalytical procedure for the quantitative determination of chemical elements using the absorption of optical radiation (light) by free atoms in the gaseous state.

A

Atomic Absorption Spectometry

114
Q

an analytical

technique used for elemental determinations

A

Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

115
Q

The time taken for the radioactivity of a specified isotope to fall to half its original value.

A

Half Life

Correlation 2 (19 decks)

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