Persuasion Flashcards
the art of swaying others’ feelings, beliefs, or actions.
Persuasión
is intended to change or influence the way a reader
thinks or feels about a particular issue or idea.
Persuasion
persuasion normally appeals to both the ______ and the
____ of readers.
Intellect
Emotions
methods used to influence
others to adopt certain opinions
or beliefs or to act in certain
ways
Persuasive techniques
Types of persuasive techniques:
emotional appeals (pathos)
– appeal to logic (logos)
– ethical appeals (ethos)
– appeals by association
– bandwagon appeal
– appeal to values
– appeal to authority
– loaded language
– repetition
when you use language or images that are emotionally charged to appeal to fear, pity, vanity, feelings of family and security, being better than everyone else, sympathy, pride
Emotional appeal (pathos)
uses strong feelings, rather than facts, evidence and logic to persuade.
Emotional appeal
these appeals may include fallacies such as
appeals to commonly held opinions, false
dilemmas, and personal attacks
Emotional appeal
appeal to emotion fallacy – occurs when an
argument circumvents logic by attempting to
manipulate the audience’s feelings.
Emotional appeal
you’re manipulating or being manipulated
emotional appeal
provides rational arguments to support your
claims using facts, figures, and statistics.
Logical appeal
uses card stacking - where ýou don’t provide all
of the information for an audience to make a
decision.
Logical appeal
uses exaggeration – where you overstate the
effectiveness or importance of a product
Logical appeal
uses scientific approach – uses tests, statistics,
and scientific sounding jargon to lend credibility
Logical appeal
common errors in reasoning that will
undermine the logic of your argument.
Fallaciws
they can be either illegitimate arguments
or irrelevant points, and are often identified
because they lack evidence that supports
their claim.
Fallacies
making assumptions about a whole group
or range of cases based on a sample that
is inadequate (usually because it is atypical
or too mall)
Hasty generalizations
stereotypes about people are a common
example of a
Hasty generalization
taps into people’s values or moral
standards
Ethical appeal (ethos)/appeal to values
strategic use of sound reasoning,
logic, claims, and evidence.
Ethical appeal
help establish credibility and
authority as a writer or speaker.
Ethical appeal
show that you can be relied upon
as a knowledgeable person with
good sense.
ethical appeal
where you call an expert to provide credibility or
importance to a product, service or position.
appeal to authority
some people in authority can be: parents, teachers,
doctors, lawyers, priests/pastors
appeal to authority
Sometimes the people who we think are authority figures are being
manipulative
Appeal to authority
a type of informal fallacy or a persuasive technique in which it
is assumed that the opinions of a recognized expert in one area should be
heeded in another area.
false authority
appeal to authority
saying that a claim is true just because an authority figure
made it.
Authority fallacy
appeal to authority
Suggests that a person or people should believe or do something because everyone else does it.
appeals by association
Several appeals by association are:
Bandwagon appeal:
“Plain folks” appeal
testimonial
Transfer
taps into the people’s desire to belong or be a part of a group.
any attempt to convince you that a product, service, or viewpoint is good because
everyone is buying into it. It appeals to the desire to be part of a group; fitting in.
bandwagon appeal
appeal by association
implies that ordinary people are on “our side” or that a
candidate is like a regular person
“Plain folks” appeal
appeal by association
relies on endorsements from celebrities or satisfied customers
testimonial
appeal by association
connects a product, a candidate, or a cause with a positive image or idea
Transfer
appeal by association
uses words with
positive or negative connotations to stir
people’s emotions.
Word choice/ loaded language
loaded words are
designed to
Manipulate
the literal or primary
meaning of a word, in contrast to the
feelings or ideas that the word
suggests/ precise, literal definition of a
word as it is found in a dictionary.
denotation
loaded language
an idea or feeling that a
word invokes in addition to its literal or
primary meaning/ wide array of positive
and negative associations that most
words carry with them
connotation
Loaded language
loaded words are designed to manipulate
uses:
name calling
euphemisms
glittering generalities
using derogatory
implications or innuendos to turn people
against something
name calling
Loaded language
doublespeak - where
something bad is sanitized and twisted to
make it seem better
euphemisms
loaded language
use of slogans or
simple phrases that sound good but give little
or no information
glittering generalities
loaded language
be careful of the words you use and the
words used to
Manipulate you
There are a number of ways in
which we can be persuaded in daily
life. Some examples are:
tv ads
Speeches
Editorials
Petitions
Music
Reels
when used properly, persuasive techniques can
add depth to writing that’s meant to persuade.
Persuasive techniques can, however, be misused
to
cloud factual information, disguise poor
reasoning, or unfairly exploit people’s emotions in
order to shape their opinions
speech or writing that presents a claim about an issue or
problem and supports it with reasons and evidence.
Argument
it often takes into account other points of view,
anticipating and answering objections that opponents of
the position might raise
Argument
learn to analyze arguments so that you will be able to
make
informed choices between logical arguments and
appeals that aren’t based on sound reasoning
an argument may be constructed
of
high-quality parts, or it might be
poorly made.
to analyze an argument, you need
to be able to
Understand its parts
Strong arguments typically include:
Claim
Support
Counterargument
the writer’s position in a problem or an
issue.
Claim
Argument
The perspective revealed in the ____
may change from argument to argument.
Claim
– includes reasons and evidence that
help to justify the claim.
Support
Argument
brief argument that
negates objections to the claim that the other
side” is likely to raise
counter argument
The art of persuasion through communication. Form
of discourse that appeals to people’s emotions and
logic in order to motivate or inform.
Rhetoric
Rhetorical devices:
Repetition
Rhetorical questions
Parallelism
Analogies
it helps emphasize a point and makes
a speech easy to follow. Literary device that
intentionally uses a word or phrase for effect.
Repetition
questions that do not
require a reply. Writers use them to suggest that
their arguments make the answer obvious or self-
evident.
Rhetorical questions
the repetition of grammatical
elements in a piece of writing to create a
harmonious effect. It is also used to express ideas
that are related or of equal importance.
Parallelism
is a point-by-point comparison
between two things that are alike in some respect.
Analogies
