PERSPECTIVES IN THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Flashcards
Focused on the importance of early childhood experiences and on relationships with parents as guiding forces that shape personality development.
Psychodynamic
Views social and cultural forces as important.
Psychodynamic
People strive toward meaning, growth, well-being, happiness, and psychological health.
Humanistic-Existential
People are not only driven by a search for meaning but negative experiences are part of the human condition and can foster psychological growth.
Humanistic-Existential
People have a unique and long-term tendency to behave in particular ways. These unique dispositions are called traits.
Dispositional
(Perspective in TOP)
Differences in basic genetic, epigenetic, and neurological systems between individual is what influences our thoughts and behaviors.
Biological-Evolutionary
(Perspective)
Human thought, behavior and personality have been shaped by forces of evolution.
Biological-Evolutionary
(Perspective)
The focus is only on behavior, not hypothetical and unobservable internal states.
Learning-(Social) Cognitive
(Perspective)
Personality is shaped by how we think and perceive the world.
Learning-(Social) Cognitive
(perspective)
12 CONCEPTS OF HUMANITY/HUMAN NATURE
Determinism
Free Choice
Pessimism
Optimism
Causality
Teleology
Conscious
Unconscious
Social Biological
Influences
Uniqueness
Similarity
Human personality and behavior are
powerfully shaped by early childhood
relationships. They believed that humans are
primarily pleasure-seeking creatures dominated by sexual and aggressive impulses.
OVERVIEW OF PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
OVERVIEW OF PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
Human personality and behavior are
powerfully shaped by early childhood
relationships. They believed that humans are
primarily pleasure-seeking creatures dominated by sexual and aggressive impulses.
5 KEY CONCEPTS OF PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
- LEVELS OF MENTAL LIFE
- PROVINCES OF THE MIND
- DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY
- DEFENSE MECHANISMS
- PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
LEVELS OF MENTAL LIFE
UNCONSCIOUS
PRECONSCIOUS
CONSCIOUS
Contains drives, urges, and instincts beyond awareness. It is also the reason behind dreams, slips, and certain kinds of forgetting (repression).
UNCONSCIOUS
Contains all those elements that are not conscious but can become conscious either quite readily or with some difficulty.
PRECONSCIOUS
Those mental elements in awareness at any given point in time.
CONSCIOUS
Phylogenetic Endowment
UNCONSCIOUS
Two sources:
1. Conscious Perception
2. Unconscious
PRECONSCIOUS
From two directions:
1. Perceptual Conscious System
2. Within mental structure and the preconscious
CONSCIOUS
PROVINCES OF THE MIND
ID (THE “IT”)
EGO (THE “I”)
SUPEREGO (THE “ABOVE I”)
- Unrealistic
- Serves the pleasure principle
- Amoral
ID
- Reality principle
- Decision-making or executive branch of personality
EGO
- Moralistic and idealistic principle
- Unrealistic in its demand for perfection
SUPEREGO
It is one of the provinces of mind that has two subsystems:
1. The conscience
2. Ego- ideal
SUPEREGO
DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY
- DRIVES/INSTINCTS
- ANXIETY
Every basic drive is characterized by an
impetus, a source, an aim, and an object.
DRIVES/INSTINCTS
- Constant motivational force
- Internal stimulus
DRIVES/INSTINCTS
It is grouped into two major headings: Sex and Aggression
DRIVES/INSTINCTS
The aim of sexual drive is pleasure
- Primary Narcissism
- Sadism
- Masochism
Sex
- Aim of destructive drive is to return the
organism to an inorganic state - Flexible and can take many forms
Aggression
It warns us against impeding danger
Anxiety
Neurotic- Fear that one’s inner impulses cannot
be controlled
Moral- Fear of violating moral or societal codes
Realistic- Tangible fears/ dangers
Anxiety
11 DEFENSE MECHANISMS
- Repression
- Reaction formation
- Displacement
- Fixation
- Regression
- Projection
- Introjection
- Sublimation
- Denial
- Rationalization
- Identification
Satisfying an impulse with a substitute object
Displacement
Blocking a wish or desire from the conscious
expression
Repression
Expressing an impulse by its opposite
Reaction formation
Remaining at the present, more comfortable psychological stage
Fixation
Returning to an earlier form of expressing an impulse
Regression
Attributing an unconscious impulse, attitude, or behavior to another
Projection
Incorporating positive qualities of another person into
own ego
Introjection
Rechanneling an impulse into a more socially desirable outlet
Sublimation
Dealing with an emotion intellectually to avoid
emotional concern
Rationalization
Refusing to accept an unpleasant reality
Denial
Modeling one’s behavior after the behavior of someone else
Identification
- Most crucial for personality formation.
- Exclusively Autoerotic
Infantile Stage
The erogenous zone is the mouth
Two types of Oral activity:
1. Oral-receptive
2. Oral-sadistic
Infantile Stage / Oral Stage
Oral Stage
(Birth to 1-year-old)
Infantile Stage
Anal Stage
(1 to 3-year-old)
Infantile Stage
- Erogenous zone is the anus
- Toilet training
- Aggressive drive reaches fuller development
Two sub-phases:
1. Early Anal period Sadistic drive is stronger
2. Late Anal period Anal-character (triad: orderliness, stinginess, obstinacy)
Infantile Stage / Anal Stage
Phallic Stage
(4 to 6-year-old)
Infantile Stage
- Erogenous zone is the genital area
- Dichotomy between male and female develops
- Suppression of masturbation
- Oedipus complex
1. Male Oedipus complex- Castration anxiety
- Female Oedipus complex
- Penis envy
- Castration anxiety
Phallic Stage
A Stage/period from 6 year-old to puberty
Latency
Period
- Dormant psychosexual development
- Psychic energy is directed into social and cultural accomplishments
Latency
Period / Latency Stage
Genital Stage
(Puberty onwards)
Genital Period
- Reawakening of the sexual aim
- Sexual drive is no longer autoerotic
- Synthesized sexual drive
Genital Period / Genital Stage
A stage attained after a person has passed
through the earlier developmental periods in an ideal manner.
Maturity/ Psychological Maturity
It fails to understand women and is strongly oriented toward men.
PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY CRITICISMS
Another criticism centers around his status as a scientist. His theory-building methods were considered by some writers as untenable and rather unscientific
PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY: CRITICISMS