PERSPECTIVES IN THEORIES OF PERSONALITY

Question 1

Focused on the importance of early childhood experiences and on relationships with parents as guiding forces that shape personality development.

Answer 1

Psychodynamic

Question 2

Views social and cultural forces as important.

Answer 2

Psychodynamic

Question 3

People strive toward meaning, growth, well-being, happiness, and psychological health.

Answer 3

Humanistic-Existential

Question 4

People are not only driven by a search for meaning but negative experiences are part of the human condition and can foster psychological growth.

Answer 4

Humanistic-Existential

Question 5

People have a unique and long-term tendency to behave in particular ways. These unique dispositions are called traits.

Answer 5

Dispositional
(Perspective in TOP)

Question 6

Differences in basic genetic, epigenetic, and neurological systems between individual is what influences our thoughts and behaviors.

Answer 6

Biological-Evolutionary
(Perspective)

Question 7

Human thought, behavior and personality have been shaped by forces of evolution.

Answer 7

Biological-Evolutionary
(Perspective)

Question 8

The focus is only on behavior, not hypothetical and unobservable internal states.

Answer 8

Learning-(Social) Cognitive
(Perspective)

Question 9

Personality is shaped by how we think and perceive the world.

Answer 9

Learning-(Social) Cognitive
(perspective)

Question 10

12 CONCEPTS OF HUMANITY/HUMAN NATURE

Answer 10

Determinism
Free Choice
Pessimism
Optimism
Causality
Teleology
Conscious
Unconscious
Social Biological
Influences
Uniqueness
Similarity

Question 11

Human personality and behavior are
powerfully shaped by early childhood
relationships. They believed that humans are
primarily pleasure-seeking creatures dominated by sexual and aggressive impulses.

Answer 11

OVERVIEW OF PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY

Question 12

OVERVIEW OF PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY

Answer 12

Human personality and behavior are
powerfully shaped by early childhood
relationships. They believed that humans are
primarily pleasure-seeking creatures dominated by sexual and aggressive impulses.

Question 13

5 KEY CONCEPTS OF PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY

Answer 13

• LEVELS OF MENTAL LIFE
• PROVINCES OF THE MIND
• DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY
• DEFENSE MECHANISMS
• PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

Question 14

LEVELS OF MENTAL LIFE

Answer 14

UNCONSCIOUS
PRECONSCIOUS
CONSCIOUS

Question 15

Contains drives, urges, and instincts beyond awareness. It is also the reason behind dreams, slips, and certain kinds of forgetting (repression).

Answer 15

UNCONSCIOUS

Question 16

Contains all those elements that are not conscious but can become conscious either quite readily or with some difficulty.

Answer 16

PRECONSCIOUS

Question 17

Those mental elements in awareness at any given point in time.

Answer 17

CONSCIOUS

Question 18

Phylogenetic Endowment

Answer 18

UNCONSCIOUS

Question 19

Two sources:
1. Conscious Perception
2. Unconscious

Answer 19

PRECONSCIOUS

Question 20

From two directions:
1. Perceptual Conscious System
2. Within mental structure and the preconscious

Answer 20

CONSCIOUS

Question 21

PROVINCES OF THE MIND

Answer 21

ID (THE “IT”)
EGO (THE “I”)
SUPEREGO (THE “ABOVE I”)

Question 22

• Unrealistic
• Serves the pleasure principle
• Amoral

Answer 22

ID

Question 23

• Reality principle
• Decision-making or executive branch of personality

Answer 23

EGO

Question 24

• Moralistic and idealistic principle
• Unrealistic in its demand for perfection

Answer 24

SUPEREGO

Question 25

It is one of the provinces of mind that has two subsystems: 1. The conscience 2. Ego- ideal

Answer 25

SUPEREGO

Question 26

DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY

Answer 26

- DRIVES/INSTINCTS - ANXIETY

Question 27

Every basic drive is characterized by an impetus, a source, an aim, and an object.

Answer 27

DRIVES/INSTINCTS

Question 27

- Constant motivational force - Internal stimulus

Answer 27

DRIVES/INSTINCTS

Question 28

It is grouped into two major headings: Sex and Aggression

Answer 28

DRIVES/INSTINCTS

Question 29

The aim of sexual drive is pleasure - Primary Narcissism - Sadism - Masochism

Answer 29

Sex

Question 30

- Aim of destructive drive is to return the organism to an inorganic state - Flexible and can take many forms

Answer 30

Aggression

Question 31

It warns us against impeding danger

Answer 31

Anxiety

Question 32

Neurotic- Fear that one’s inner impulses cannot be controlled Moral- Fear of violating moral or societal codes Realistic- Tangible fears/ dangers

Answer 32

Anxiety

Question 33

11 DEFENSE MECHANISMS

Answer 33

1. Repression 2. Reaction formation 3. Displacement 4. Fixation 5. Regression 6. Projection 7. Introjection 8. Sublimation 9. Denial 10. Rationalization 11. Identification

Question 34

Satisfying an impulse with a substitute object

Answer 34

Displacement

Question 34

Blocking a wish or desire from the conscious expression

Answer 34

Repression

Question 35

Expressing an impulse by its opposite

Answer 35

Reaction formation

Question 35

Remaining at the present, more comfortable psychological stage

Answer 35

Fixation

Question 36

Returning to an earlier form of expressing an impulse

Answer 36

Regression

Question 36

Attributing an unconscious impulse, attitude, or behavior to another

Answer 36

Projection

Question 37

Incorporating positive qualities of another person into own ego

Answer 37

Introjection

Question 37

Rechanneling an impulse into a more socially desirable outlet

Answer 37

Sublimation

Question 38

Dealing with an emotion intellectually to avoid emotional concern

Answer 38

Rationalization

Question 38

Refusing to accept an unpleasant reality

Answer 38

Denial

Question 39

Modeling one’s behavior after the behavior of someone else

Answer 39

Identification

Question 40

- Most crucial for personality formation. - Exclusively Autoerotic

Answer 40

Infantile Stage

Question 40

The erogenous zone is the mouth Two types of Oral activity: 1. Oral-receptive 2. Oral-sadistic

Answer 40

Infantile Stage / Oral Stage

Question 40

Oral Stage (Birth to 1-year-old)

Answer 40

Infantile Stage

Question 41

Anal Stage (1 to 3-year-old)

Answer 41

Infantile Stage

Question 42

- Erogenous zone is the anus - Toilet training - Aggressive drive reaches fuller development Two sub-phases: 1. Early Anal period Sadistic drive is stronger 2. Late Anal period Anal-character (triad: orderliness, stinginess, obstinacy)

Answer 42

Infantile Stage / Anal Stage

Question 43

Phallic Stage (4 to 6-year-old)

Answer 43

Infantile Stage

Question 44

- Erogenous zone is the genital area - Dichotomy between male and female develops - Suppression of masturbation - Oedipus complex 1. Male Oedipus complex - Castration anxiety 2. Female Oedipus complex - Penis envy

Answer 44

Phallic Stage

Question 44

A Stage/period from 6 year-old to puberty

Answer 44

Latency Period

Question 44

- Dormant psychosexual development - Psychic energy is directed into social and cultural accomplishments

Answer 44

Latency Period / Latency Stage

Question 45

Genital Stage (Puberty onwards)

Answer 45

Genital Period

Question 46

- Reawakening of the sexual aim - Sexual drive is no longer autoerotic - Synthesized sexual drive

Answer 46

Genital Period / Genital Stage

Question 47

A stage attained after a person has passed through the earlier developmental periods in an ideal manner.

Answer 47

Maturity/ Psychological Maturity

Question 47

It fails to understand women and is strongly oriented toward men.

Answer 47

PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY CRITICISMS

Question 48

Another criticism centers around his status as a scientist. His theory-building methods were considered by some writers as untenable and rather unscientific

Answer 48

PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY: CRITICISMS