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SOC 1101 > perspective of sociology > Flashcards

perspective of sociology Flashcards

1
Q

define society

A

A large social grouping that shares the same geographical territory and is subject to same political authority and dominant cultural expectations

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2
Q

5 studies that use social science

A

Health and Human services
Business
Communication
Academia
Law

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3
Q

define sociological imagination

A

ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and the larger society

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4
Q

What are the two dimensions of sociological imagination?

A

personal troubles and public issues

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5
Q

Why is it important for countries to be aware of condition of other nations

A

it can affect our economy, political, environmental, and humanitarian levels.

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6
Q

What year did revolutions take place that affect the origins of sociology

A

18th century

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7
Q

What are the 3 main revolutions that took place

A

The enlightenment, industrialization, urbanization

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8
Q

define the enlightment

A

produced an intellectual revolution in how people thought about social change, progress, and critical thinking. Started in the American Revolution then to French

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9
Q

define industrialization

A

the change from dependence on agriculture and handmade products to an emphasis on manufacturing and related industries

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10
Q

define urbanization

A

process by which an increasing proportion of a population lives in cities rather than in rural areas

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11
Q

many people moved from being ______ to being __________

producers; consumers
consumer; producers

A

producers; consumers

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12
Q

What are some problems that come back from urbanization

A

inadequate housing, crowding, unsanitary conditions, poverty, pollution, and crime

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13
Q

How do early thinkers develop their methods for sociology

A

began to apply methods that natural scientist used to discover the laws of human behavior and apply these laws to solve social problems

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14
Q

Name the 4 early social thinkers

A

August Comte, Harriet Martineau, Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim

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15
Q

define positivism

A

A belief that world can be understood through scientific inquiry

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16
Q

who is August Comte?

A

founder of sociology (1798-8157)
believed bias-free knowledge was attainable through the use of science rather than religion.

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17
Q

What is the law of three stages

A

the theological, metaphysical, and scientific (or positivistic) stages

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18
Q

what is the theological stage? Metaphysical stage? Scientific Stage?

A

Based on religion and supernatural

based on abstract philosophical speculation

based on systemic observation, experimentation, and historical analysis

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19
Q

Harriet Martineau

A

(1802-1876)
advocate of racial and gender equality
Analyzed how industrialization impacted women, children, and other marginalized communities (criminals, mentally ill, disabled, poor, or alcoholic)

20
Q

Herbert Spencer

A

1820-1903
evolutionary perspective of social order and change
-belief that society developed through struggle and fitness “struggle of the fittest
-used to justify repression and neglect of minority groups (scientific racism)
-very flawed way of thinking, humans are able to chnage the environments they live in

21
Q

Emile Durkheim

A

1858-1917
- promoted scientific approach to examining social fact that lie outside individual
-founding figure of the functionalist theoretical tradition
-people are product of their social environment
-pre industrialization society was held together tightly by traditions and social agreements

22
Q

define social Darwinism

A

coined by Herbert Spencer
belief that those species of animals (including human beings) best adapted to their environment survive and prosper, whereas those poorly adapted die out.

23
Q

define social facts? who coined the term?

A

Emile Durkheim

patterned ways of acting, thinking, and feeling that exist outside any one individual but exerts social control over each person

24
Q

define anomie? who coined the term

A

Emile Durkheim

condition in which social control becomes ineffective as a result of the loss of shared values and a sense of purpose in society

25
Q

Karl Marx

A

1818-1883
analyze struggle (class conflict) between the capitalist class and the working class
-believed society shouldnt be studied but also be changed because the status quo is oppressive to most members of society
-revolution will result from workers becoming aware of their alienation

26
Q

define bourgeoisie? proletariat?

A

bourgeoisie: capitalist class who owns and controls the means of production
proletariat: working class must sell their labor because they have no other means to earn a livelihood

27
Q

define class conlflict

A

struggle between capitalist class and the working class

28
Q

define class conflict

A

struggle between capitalist class and the working class

29
Q

define Alenation

A

exploited workers feel a sense of powerlessness and estrangement from other people and from themselves

30
Q

Max Weber

A

Held sociology should be value-free scientifcally, without personal values and economic interest getting in the way
-mportant insights on the process of
rationalization, bureaucracy, religion, and many
other topics.
* Was more aware of women’s issues than were
many of the scholars of his day

31
Q

Georg Simmel

A

believed sociology’s purpose should be to examine social interaction processes within groups
-analyzed impact of industrialization and urbanization on people lives
-identified that class conflict was becoming more pronounce in modern industrial societies

32
Q

What are the 5 contemporary theoretical perspective

A

Functionalist
conflict
feminist
symbolic
postmodernist

33
Q

Define theories

A

A logically interrelated statement that is used to describe, explain, and predict social events.

34
Q

Talcott Parson

A

1902-1979
advocate of functionalist perspective, stresses all society must make provision for meeting social needs to survive

-division of labor is necessary for survival (gender role e.g. dad works, mother emotional support)

-known as instrumental and expressive roles

35
Q

Robert K Merton (name and define 3 functions)

A

1910-2003

refined functionalism

Manifest functions: intended and/or overtly
recognized by the participants in a social unit.

  • Latent functions: Unintended functions that
    are hidden and remain unacknowledged by
    participants.
  • Dysfunctions: The undesirable consequences
    of any element of a society.
36
Q

what are functionalist analyzing

A

consumerism

37
Q

is shopping and consumption of necessary items a manifest function or a latent function

A

manifest function

38
Q

is malls being built for shopping for products that help increase self worth and visiting friend manifest function or latent function

A

latent function

39
Q

what is the conflict perspective

A

group in society are engaged in a continuous power struggle for control of scarce resources

-social life is a continuous power struggle among competing social groups

40
Q

the feminist perspective

A

-significance in gender inequality in the household, paid labor force, and in politics, laws, and cultures

-examines patriarchy

41
Q

define patriarchy

A

hierarchal system where males possess greater power social and economic compared to female counterparts

42
Q

define macrolevel analysis

A

examine society as a whole, as a large scale cosial structures and social systems

43
Q

define microlevel analysis

A

focuses on small groups rather than large scale social structures- the focus of synbolic interactionsim

44
Q

define symbol

A

anything that meaningfully represents something else

45
Q

postmodern perspectives

A

attempts to explain social life in modern societies that are characterized by post-industrialization, consumerism, and global communications.

46
Q

what are postmodern perspectives are characterized by

A

decline of influence of social institutions such as family, religion, and education on people’s lives; pursuit of individual freedom

SOC 1101 (3 decks)

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