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Personality > Personality Structure: Classifying Traits > Flashcards

Personality Structure: Classifying Traits Flashcards

1
Q

Fundamental Lexical Hypothesis: personality traits

A

“The most important individual differences in human transactions will come to be encoded as single terms in all of the world’s languages.”

(Goldberg, 1990)

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2
Q

Lexical Approach: Early Attempts (I)

A

Baumgarten (1933), in German

Allport & Odbert (1936), in English
18,000 English words
Traits: approx. 4,500
States: approx. 4,500
Evaluations (good/bad): approx. 5,200
Miscellaneous : approx. 3,600
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3
Q

Factor Analysis (FA): statistical technique

A

Exploratory FA (EFA)

Confirmatory FA (CFA)

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4
Q

Exploratory FA (EFA)

A

Data reduction technique: aims to explain a pattern of correlations between large numbers of variables

Generates hypotheses

Example: Self-Report

  • Questionnaire
  • Correlations
  • Factors and Factor Loadings
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5
Q

Confirmatory FA (CFA)

A

Statistical technique for model testing

Tests hypotheses

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6
Q

Early Attempts (II) - Cattell

A

First factor analysis of 35 traits

12 traits found + 4 added later =16PF (1949)

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7
Q

Cattell’s 16PF

A
  1. Abstractedness
  2. Apprehension
  3. Dominance
  4. Emotional Stability
  5. Liveliness
  6. Openness to Change
  7. Perfectionism
  8. Privateness
  9. Reasoning
  10. Rule-Consciousness
  11. Self-Reliance
  12. Sensitivity
  13. Social Boldness
  14. Tension
  15. Vigilance
  16. Warmth
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8
Q 
Converging Evidence:
Factor Analyses (early lexical studies III)
A

Tupes & Christal (1961, 1992): 5 factors

Norman (1963, 1967): 5 factors

Costa & McCrae (1985, 1991): 5 factors

Goldberg (1990, 1992): 5 factors

Different samples, ages and nations: 5 factors

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9
Q

Same 5 Factors with different measures

A

Trait descriptive adjectives

Statements describing affect, cognitions, and behaviour

Self-ratings vs. observer ratings

Nonverbal measures

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10
Q

Five-Factor Model of Personality /“Big Five”

Pervin et al., 2005

A 
Openness (O)
Conscientiousness (C)
Extraversion (E)
Agreeableness (A)
Neuroticism (N)
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11
Q

Neuroticism (N)

A

Assesses maladjustment vs. 
emotional stability

Identifies individuals prone to:

  • Psychological distress
  • Unrealistic ideas
  • Excessive cravings or urges
  • Maladaptive coping responses
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12
Q

Extraversion (E)

A

Assesses quantity and intensity of :

  • Interpersonal interaction
  • Activity level
  • Need for stimulation
  • Capacity for joy
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13
Q

Openness (O)

imagination/intellect

A

Proactive seeking and appreciation of experience for its own sake

Toleration for and exploration of the unfamiliar

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14
Q

Agreeableness (A)

A

Quality of one’s interpersonal orientation along a continuum from compassion to antagonism in:

  • thoughts
  • feelings
  • actions

e.g. kind - unkind

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15
Q

Conscientiousness (C)

A

Assesses the individual’s 
degree of:

  • organisation
  • persistence
  • motivation in goal-directed behaviour

e.g. lazy = hardworking

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16
Q

Why are the Big Five so important?

A

Help us sort out the confusion of different models and measures of personality

Provide a kind of “compass” (mapping system) to understand where in the personality space to place specific traits we want to know more about.

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17
Q

Big Five: Integration of 
Cattell’s 16PF

A

Examples

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18
Q

Neuroticism

A 
Anxiety
Emotional Stability (-)
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19
Q

Extraversion

A

Social Assertiveness Introversion (-)

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20
Q

Openness

A

Openmindedness


Intellect

21
Q

Agreeableness

A

Warmth


Aggressiveness (-)

22
Q

Conscientiousness

A

Dutifulness


Perfectionism

23
Q

Big Five Facets: Development of the NEO-Five Factor Scales

A

NEO Personality Inventory
(NEO-PI)

NEO-Five Factor Inventory 
(NEO-FFI)

NEO Personality Inventory-Revised
(NEO-PI-R)

24
Q

NEO Personality Inventory
(NEO-PI)

Costa & McCrae (1985)

A

Derived from analyses of Cattell’s 16 PF:

3 Scales: N, E and O

25
Q

NEO-Five Factor Inventory 
(NEO-FFI)

Costa & McCrae
(1991)

A

Adopted five-factor personality model and added A and C:

5 Scales with 12 items each: N, E, O, A and C

26
Q

NEO Personality Inventory-Revised
(NEO-PI-R)

Costa & McCrae
(1992)

A

Measures 6 facets of each of the Big Five dimensions

30 Scales with 8 items of each facet:

N, E, O, A and C domain and facet scores

27
Q

Extraversion (E)

A 
E1: Warmth
E2: Gregariousness (socially outgoing)
E3: Assertiveness
E4: Activity
E5: Excitement Seeking
E6: Positive Emotions
28
Q

Openness to Experience (O)

Where they draw the big different

A 
O1: Fantasy
O2: Aesthetics
O3: Feelings
O4: Actions
O5: Ideas
O6: Values
29
Q

Agreeableness (A)

A 
A1: Trust
A2: Straightforwardness
A3: Altruism
A4: Compliance
A5: Modesty
A6: Tender-Mindedness
30
Q

Example: Self-Pity

Big Five Dimensions and Facets as a “compass”

A

To see which dimension and facets are related to self-pity

Dimensions -> Neuroticism

Facets -> Depression

31
Q

Five-Factor Model of Personality - summary

A

A very useful taxonomic system

A common language to communicate traits

A “compass” where to map personality characteristics

32
Q

Is the Five-Factor Model the final answer?

A

Seems to capture Western personality language dimensions better than Eastern

Does not always replicate, not even in Western cultures: “Big 5 plus or minus 2”

33
Q

What’s missing in the Big 5?

A

Honesty/humility

34
Q 
HEXACO Model
(Ashton et al., 2004; Lee & Ashton, 2004, 2006)
A 
Humility
Emotionality
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness 
Openness
35
Q

Five vs. Six Factors

A

Strong similarity in the facet content of three factors:

  • Extraversion
  • Conscientiousness
  • Openness
36
Q

Facet differences:

A

Agreeableness &Emotionality

37
Q 
Five-factor (Neo):
Tendermindedness
Compliance
Trust
Altruism
Modesty
Straightforwardness
A 
Six-factor (HEXACO):
Gentleness
Flexibility
Forgiveness 
Patience
38
Q 
Anxiety
Angry Hostility
Depression
Self-consciousness
Impulsiveness
Vulnerability
A

Anxiety
Fearfulness
Dependence
Sentimentality

39
Q

Example: Psychopathy (Gaughan, Miller & Lynham, 2012)

A

Using, the NEO PI-R and the HEXACO as “compasses”, which scale provides a better map – and thus better understand of Psychopathy?

40
Q

Findings: Psychopathy (total score)

A

Both Big Five and HEXACO predicted psychopathy

HEXACO predicted slightly better, as it explains more in each dimension

41
Q

Six personality traits ≠ six personalities

A

Each trait dimensions has multiple facets = Different combinations per individual

Each individual varies in their overall score on each trait

42
Q

Still researchers claim to have found “distinct” personalities
(big 5; Asendorpf, 2003)

A

Resilient: low N, high A, C, O, E

Internalising: low E, high N

Externalising: low A & C

Not reliable, sample sample

43
Q

Gerlach, Farb, Revelle & Amaral (2018)

A

Added a 4th “personality type”

Have 1.5 million participants

44
Q

Criticisms of Gerlach, Farb, Revelle & Amaral (2018)

A

These precise combinations are not very common

This problem remains even in large samples.

Using personality types to predict personality is less accurate than using trait levels.

45
Q

Through finding the fundamental personality dimensions

A

Researchers are able to efficiently & comprehensively measure personality

46
Q

Factor analyses is a technique used to…

A

identify the major dimensions of personality

47
Q

Early factor analyses of English words in lexical studies yielded five factors “the Big 5” personality traits:

A 
Neuroticism
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Openness (imagination/intellect)
48
Q

Later lexical studies in different languages and have reliably found six personality dimensions:

A 
Honesty-humility
Emotionality
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Openness
49
Q

Two main scales for measuring personality:

A

Big 5
- NEO scales (Costa & McCrae, 1991, 1992)

6 factor
- HEXACO (Ashton & Lee, 2009; Lee & Ashton, 1994)

Personality (9 decks)

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