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y1 personality and individual differences > Personality: Humanistic approaches > Flashcards

Personality: Humanistic approaches Flashcards

1
Q

What is Summerhill?

A

A school influenced by theoriests - A.S. Neil suggests that educational conformity stifles individuality and creativity and encourages competition rather than co-operation
Practices many principles outlined by Maslow and Rogers

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2
Q

What were the 2 main influences in the early 20th century?

A

Learning theory (behaviourism)
Psychoanalytic (Freud)

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3
Q

What background did Maslow and Rogers come from?

A

Psychoanalytic - neither were completely comfortable/convinced by this approach

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4
Q

Who was Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)?

A

Influenced by ideas of behaviourism - carried out PhD under Harlow
- Questioned behaviourism and turned to Freud - didn’t find they were reflective of human experience.
- Began study of remarkable human beings
Sought to understand human motivation

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5
Q

What did Maslow believe about the human experience?

A
  • All needs are seen as inborn and universal - wanted to move from focus on clinical populations to the average person
  • we have tendencies towards healthy growth and development (instinctiods) - If fostered in children, can become honest, kind, loving, generous BUT weak and can easily be overcome by environments
    Believed Freud’’s case studies showed this
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6
Q

What 2 types of motivation did Maslow describe?

A
  1. deficiency motives
  2. Growth/being motives
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7
Q

What are deficiency (D) motives?

A

Negative motivational state
eg. hunger, thirst, need for safety/love
- things we lack - motivated to acquire
- lessen with intensity as met

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8
Q

What are growth/being (B) motives?

A

Positive motivational state
eg. giving love unselfishly, drive, curiosity, thirst for knowledge, skill development
- unique to individuals
- gain in intensity as met

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9
Q

What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

5 level hierarchal need theory of motivation - specifies that lowest-level unsatisfied need has greatest motivating potential

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10
Q

What are the 5 needs of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs? (lowest to highest)

A

Physiological needs
Safety needs
Love and belonging
Esteem
Self-actualisation

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11
Q

What are examples of physiological needs?

A

Air, water, food, shelter, sleep, clothing, reproduction

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12
Q

What are examples of safety needs?

A

Personal security, employment, resources, health, property

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13
Q

What are examples of love and belonging?

A

Friendship, intimacy, family, sense of connection

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14
Q

What are examples of esteem?

A

Respect, self-esteem, status, recognition, strength, freedom

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15
Q

What is self-actualisation?

A

Desire to become the most that one can be

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16
Q

What are general characteristics of self-actualisers?

A

The frequency they have ‘peak experiences’ - feelings of ecstasy usually experienced at times of great achievement or when viewing things like sunset or stars - very influential on life and characterised by a lack of wants, deficiencies or needs
- creative
- B-cognition
- self-acceptance
- more tolerant
- fewer distortions in perceptions

17
Q

Who was Carl Rogers?

A
  • his personality theory grew out of theory of therapy
  • acknowledged role of experience but rejected Freudian deterministic perspective
  • Saw humans as future-oriented - current goals influence subsequent behaviour
  • believed individuals have power to shape own life
  • Individuals are expert on themselves, not therapist
18
Q

What were Rogers’ basic principles?

A
  • Adopted phenomenological position regarding reality
  • Humans function within a subjective frame of reality
  • How we perceive situations depends on mood, beliefs, past experiences, and type of person we are
19
Q

What were Rogers’ views on self-actualisation?

A

Each person has natural tendency towards growth and self-actualisation
- as long as actualising potential is not blocked, we remain psychologically healthy
- Blocks are the cause of all problems
- Unlike Maslow, Rogers’ thought the drive to self-actualise is out only motivator

20
Q

For Rogers, what 2 aspects can humans be divided into?

A
  1. Biological aspect - the drive for satisfaction of basic needs
  2. Psychological aspect - the development of our potential and qualities that make us worthwhile human beings
    - Rogers focused on the latter as a positive drive - only develop self-destructive, aggressive and harmful behaviours under perverse circumstances
21
Q

What is self-concept (Rogers)?

A

Socially-constructed - judge ourselves according to what others think of us - parents and educational establishments are important contributors.
Distinguished between real (organismic) self and self-concept

22
Q

What is the real self?

A

The organismic self - the genetic blueprint for the person we are capable of becoming if developmental circumstances are favourable

23
Q

What are conditions of worth?

A

Criteria for what we must or must not do in order to gain approval.
Rogers argued that conditions of worth may interfere with personal development if sole objective is to gain approval from others.

24
Q

Why can conditions of worth linked to self concept be problematic?

A
  • Very deeply embedded and resistant to change
  • Self-concept can lower our own levels of self-regard
25
Q

Why do we maintain a self-concept?

A
  • Use it to judge our personal adequacy
  • Dictate the way we interact with people and the world
26
Q

What did Rogers believe to be important to self-concept development?

A
  • Parents’ self-concept
  • Provision of unconditional positive regard
27
Q

What are conditions of worth?

A

Conditions eg. getting good grades for positive regard

28
Q

What can conditions of worth affect?

A

Acceptance of others and self

29
Q

What can low self-acceptance cause?

A

Distortions of reality

30
Q

What is the humanistic concept of a fully functioning person?

A
  • highly open to experience
  • high in self-acceptance
  • positive self-concept
  • positive self-esteem
  • few conditions of worth
31
Q

What are the core conditions of person-centred therapy?

A

Congruence, empathy, unconditional positive regard - therapist has to be trusting, accepting and empathetic to help the client recognise and untangle their feelings to return to an actualising state

32
Q

Who developed person-centred therapy?

A

Rogers

33
Q

How was the person-centred approach measured?

A

Q-sort - a list of around 100 adjectives/short-statements describing personality attributes - asked to group into 9 categories. done for self-concept and ideal self to measure congruence and assess the validity of this approach to counselling

34
Q

What are the positives of rogers?

A
  • reasonable description of behaviour
  • concept of conditions of worth valuable to describe mechanisms of evaluating own behaviour
  • self-innovative description and comparison of real self/ideal self is valuable
  • highly intuitive and high face validity
  • phenomenological approach attempts to engage w world as individuals experience it
  • research supports theories
  • Developed to be more comprehensive over time
  • debate around his theories valuable to science
  • led to more research into concepts of self and ideal self
35
Q

What are the limitations of Rogers’ work?

A
  • Not a total description of human behaviour
  • excludes the richness of the unconscious
  • reductionist - tries to apply counselling principles to societal and global problems - ignores other factors
  • reliant on individual observations, not objective measurement
  • limited support for idea that humans know what is best for them
  • Concepts like unconditional positive regard are difficult to measure
  • Claims of non-directiveness in therapy are overstated
  • Too few concepts and assumptions
36
Q

What are the strengths of Maslow’s work?

A
  • reasonable description of behaviour
  • good face validity
  • creative approach to explain complex human behaviour
  • widely used in organisational/work psych and other disciplines
  • effective if understood and applied properly
  • widespread acceptance amongst psychologists and others
  • laid foundations for positive psychology
  • makes self-concept an important construct
  • stressed need to ask meaningful questions v pursuing trivial research
  • applicable to health and healthy people
37
Q

What are the limitations of Maslow’s work?

A
  • overly positive
  • some inconsistencies in accepting Freudian defence mechanisms
  • little evidence of scientific value - needs not well defined
  • no discussion of genetic contributions
  • oversimplification of human needs and behaviours - lacks specifics about behaviours and rewards that satisfy needs
  • middle-class doctrine - neglects impact of social context on interpretation of needs
  • not a theory on personality, instead on psychological adjustment
  • descriptive rather than evaluative
  • no detail on how to achieve self-actualisation
  • peak experience may not relate to self-actualisation eg. drug use
38
Q

what are the 3 successive levels of human individuality?

A

Level 1: Dispositions/traits (recognisable on surface - descriptive but not explanatory)
Level 2: Characteristic adaptations (situational and learning - influences: what are individuals different?)
Level 3: Integrative life stories - what gives life a sense of unity and purpose?

y1 personality and individual differences (11 decks)

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