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y1 personality and individual differences > Applications of personality and individual differences > Flashcards

Applications of personality and individual differences Flashcards

1
Q

What is the DSM-V?

A

The diagnostic statistical manual of mental disorders (Lastest edition - DSM-5)
- often referred to as the bible of psychiatric disorders

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2
Q

When was the first edition of the DSM published and how many disorders did it list?

A

1952
106 disorders

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3
Q

What is an example of horizontal expansion?

A

social phobia -> social anxiety disorder

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4
Q

What is an example of vertical expansion?

A

Previous iteration of DSM stated that in individuals under 18, anxiety needed to be present for at least 6 months -> DSM-5, diagnosis is warranted for all ages if anxiety is persistent, typically lasting 6 months or more

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5
Q

What is a concept creep?

A

Concept gradually widens to include more experiences

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6
Q

What is the challenge of the DSM?

A
  • official guidelines for diagnosing mental disorders have changed over time
  • professionals need to agree on where a normalexperience ends and where pathology begins.
    Cut-offs are somewhat arbitrary
  • professionals use initiative on top of DSM-5 guidance
  • having criteria allows for a shared understanding of what would be considered a disorder
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7
Q

What are the pathological levels?

A

Factors academics and clinicians look at when identifying whether a trait/behaviour has reached pathological levels
Chronicity
Severity
Disruption
Control

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8
Q

What is the challenge with pinpointing cut-off points?

A

Symptoms of mental illness lie on a continuum
Clinicians more interested in whether symptoms are affecting their typical functioning
- having a diagnosis can help when trying to get treatment to help alleviate the symptoms
BUT the more precise the cut-off point, the more arbitrary it is

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9
Q

What are ACEs and what did an American insurance company find related to these?

A

Adverse Childhood Experiences
- found that ill health (physical and mental) is related to traumatic childhood experiences

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10
Q

How do individuals with personality disorders behave and think? When do they often occur?

A

Markedly different from what is expected within their culture tend to occur in adolescence or early adulthood - but not always formally diagnosed or identified

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11
Q

What is understanding of personality disorders based on?

A

Expert clinical diagnosis

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12
Q

What is a cluster A personality disorder?

A

Thinking/cognitive disturbances

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13
Q

What are examples of cluster A personality disorders?

A

Paranoid personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder, schizotypal personality disorder

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14
Q

What is a cluster B personality disorder?

A

Lack of impulse control/inappropriate affect

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15
Q

What are examples of cluster B personality disorders?

A

antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder

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16
Q

What is a cluster C personality disorder?

A

Overly dependent/fearful disorders

17
Q

What are examples of cluster C personality disorders?

A

Avoidant personality disorder, dependent personality disorder, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

18
Q

How can the five-factor model of personality correlate with personality disorders? what is an exception to this?

A

Personality disorders can be explained with high neuroticism and low agreeableness.
With the exception of dependent personality disorder

19
Q

How does extraversion correlate with personality disorders?

A

Related positively to histrionic personality disorder (and to a lesser extent, narcissistic personality disorder)
Related negatively to avoidant personality

20
Q

What is a biopsychosocial model of personality disorders?

A

In a biopsychosocial model, psychopathology emerges from multiple interactions between risk and protective factors
- biological
- psychological
- social

21
Q

What are some survivor-based criticisms?

A

Recovery in the Bin, Mad Pride, and Hearing Voices Network highlight the importance of a social model of distress and confusion
- negative impact of BPD diagnosis on treatment from healthcare professionals

22
Q

What is the issue of misdiagnosis with personality disorders?

A

Many people with BPS report this as misdiagnosed neurodivergence
- pioneered through co-production and survivor researchers
- due to lack of comprehensive assessment, clinician bias and lack of awareness around neurodivergent experiences

23
Q

What is the issue of misdiagnosis with complex trauma in personality disorders?

A

High incidences of trauma with people diagnosed with BPD
- Complex PTSD vs BPD

24
Q

What is iatrogenic trauma?

A

Trauma induced through mental health treatment
- antagonistic judgements and lower empathy in clinicians towards people with BPD diagnoses

y1 personality and individual differences (11 decks)

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