personality -> diverse perspectives

Question 1

outline the learning theory perspective

Answer 1

• classical conditioning
• operant conditioning
• social learning theory

Question 2

what is conditioning

Answer 2

the process of learning associations between stimuli and responses.
It’s a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology and plays a crucial role in understanding how humans acquire new behaviors

Question 3

outlines classical conditioning - application to personality

Answer 3

example is little albert rat

-personality
- if someone is outgoing, when they meet people if they are praised for being curious, outgoing and confident
- they will associate meeting new people positively and their confidence with be amplified.

CAN BE APPLIED POSITIVELY
- plays piano - no response
- plays and gets praised
- plays piano & child now happy

Question 4

outline B.F Skinners views on personality - behaviour

Answer 4

• behaviour of an individual is determined by the environment, changes to external stimuli will lead to a change in ones behaviour.

Question 5

outline basic principles of operant conditioning by B.F Skinner

Answer 5

• positive behaviours lead to positive responses
• negative behaviours lead to negative responses

reinforcement both positive and negative will lead to an increase in behaviour.

Question 6

outline Bandura’s view of personality from the social learning theory

Answer 6

• it postulates that a large amount of the features of peoples personalities may come from observing others in their family or society.
• consequences of behaviour shape our learning.

Question 7

outline the basic principles of observational learning - as stated in the social learning theory

Answer 7

• learning occurs through observation, imitation and modeling
• not by direct experience
• active learning process rather than passive.

Question 8

discuss imitation and modeling from the social learning theory

Answer 8

1. child observes charcateristics of the model, the observer sees similarities in them and the model.
2. the observer will imitate the behaviour that they see brings a positive result or response.

Question 9

outline reciprocal determinism (SLT -> social cognitive theory)

Answer 9

• individual being influenced by personal, behavioural and environmental factors.
• all three factors interact with one another to influence behaviour.

Question 10

outline self-efficacy (SLT -> social cognitive theory)

Answer 10

• the belief that if you perform a behaviour, it will get you a desired positive outcome.

Question 11

evaluate the 3 learning approaches - contributions

Answer 11

• classical and operant both played a major role in shaping psychology as an empirical science.

SLT & SCT -> huge amounts of research helped understand how children specifically learn behaviour.

Question 12

evaluate the 3 learning approaches - criticim

Answer 12

classical and operant -> overly parsimonious in explaining human behaviour and motivation

SLT/SCT -> overemphasis on learning via observation
- underestimates biological factors.

Question 13

what are the key elements of the humanistic perspective

Answer 13

• that human nature is inherently good
• personal growth & self-actualisation -> motivated to grow and develop
• personal responsibility -> free will to make personal choice.

Question 14

outline the concept of self - carl rogers theory of humanistic perspective

Answer 14

-> this concept is our inner personality
-> self-concept is the organised, consistent set of perceptions and beliefs about oneself

Question 15

outline congruence and incongruence of self - carl rogers theory of humanistic perspective

Answer 15

congruence is a persons ideal self, largely consistent with what actually happens in life and the experiences of the person.

incongruence is a persons ideal self, not consistent with what actually happens in life and their experiences.

Question 16

outline unconditional and conditional positive regard - carl rogers theory of humanistic perspective

Answer 16

unconditional positive regard -> parents etc accept and loves someone for what they are and refrain from judgement.

conditional positive regard -> love or acceptance is based on the individuals behaviours, attitudes and views aligning with those expected.
- a persons self-worth is dependant on meeting certain standards of expectations.

Question 17

outline the self-actualisation - carl rogers theory of humanistic perspective

Answer 17

• innate, positive drive to develop to our full potential.
• actualising our potential.

Question 18

what is meant by a fully functioning person

Answer 18

• openness to experience
• high in self-acceptance
• trust in ones feelings and instincts
• unconditional positive regard for others
• self direction

Question 19

what is client-centred therapy

Answer 19

the aims:
- reduce incongruence, increase feelings of self worth.
- become a fully functioning person

• they focus on the persons view of the world.
• unconditional positive regard - i will accept you as you are
• empathy

Question 20

discuss carl rogers humanistic theory’s contribution to psychology

Answer 20

-> useful concepts with face validity.
-> influences therapy, education and organisational practices to encourage personal growth.

Question 21

discuss some criticisms of carl rogers humanistic theory

Answer 21

• limited scope in explanation of personality development
• some concepts of his are difficult to define and proved to be difficult to measure.