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Psych Abnormal Mine > Personality Disorders > Flashcards

Personality Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

The DSM describes general personality disorder as (criterion A) an ________ pattern of _____ _______ and behaviour that ______ markedly from the individuals culture. This is manifested in ____ or more of the following:

  1. _______
  2. _______
  3. _______ _____
  4. _____ _______
A

enduring
inner experience
deviates
2

Cognition - perceiving and interpreting self/others
Affectivity - appropriateness of emotional response
Interpersonal Functioning
Impulse Control

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2
Q

DSM Personality Disorder Criterion B:

A

Enduring pattern which is
- inflexible
- pervasive
across a broad range of personal and social situations

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3
Q

DSM Personality Disorder Criterion C:

A

Pattern is stable, and can be traced back to adolescence or early adulthood

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4
Q

Millon (1981) describes the 3 core features as:

A
  1. Functional inflexibility - failure to adapt to situations, rigidity - always respond in the same way
  2. Self-defeating - damaging behavioural responses
  3. Unstable in response to stress - emotional, behavioural, cognitive instability
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5
Q

What is ONE important element common to personality disorders that affects treatment-seeking, and response to treatment?

A

LACK OF INSIGHT - failure to recognise these aspects of their personality - blame others - never their fault

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6
Q

Name the clusters in personality disorders

A

A - odd - eccentric
B - dramatic - emotional
C - anxious - fearful

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7
Q

List the personality disorders in cluster A

A

Schizoid
Schizotypal
Paranoid

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8
Q

List the personality disorders in cluster B

A

Histrionic
Anti-social
Narcissistic
Borderline

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9
Q

List the personality disorders in cluster C

A

Avoidant
Dependent
Obsessive-compulsive

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10
Q

Schizoid PD….
Are simply not interested in ________ _______; have a _______/_______ in them. Prefer to be ______. Physical contact is _____ _________ for them, so they have little interest in _____ _______.

They have a _______ range of _______ expression - ______ of affect, cold, ______. Very self-______, doesn’t care about social _______.

Sees others as _____ and ______

A

social relationships

detachment/disinterest
alone

not pleasurable, sexual relationships.

restricted range of emotional expression

  • flatness, cold, aloof,
  • self-absorbed, does not care about social criticism

intrusive and controlling

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11
Q

Schizotypal PD
Many ______ and _______ in ______ and thinking
E.g: ______ thinking, ideas of _______ - so everything that happens in the world is related to one’s own destiny, ______ and belief in the _______.

Overly ______ in how in touch they are with others, have strong _____ for _______, yet their speech pattern can be ______ and awkward. Also very _____ at gaging how others _____ _____.

A

eccentricities and distortions in perceptions
magical thinking, ideas of reference
superstitious and belief in the paranormal

confident
desire for relationships
vague
bad, perceive them

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12
Q

Paranoid PD
Pervasive _______ and _______ of others. Assumes others will _______, _______ and talk ___ ____ ______. People’s motives are interpreted to be _______.

Hence, they want to ______ the loyalty of friends/family.

This manifests in behaving severely if they think they’ve been ______ to, or ______ in anyway, and results in them holding _____ for long periods.

It can be a self-fulfilling prophecy, however, as their behaviour can cause people to talk behind your back. Also, relationships are often very _______, as they do not disclose ______ _______, are constantly ______ of others’ motives and are very _______.

They are very sensitive to ______, and often ________ statements/actions as having hidden malicious meanings. They are also very ______ of partners.

A
  • pervasive distrust and suspicion of others
  • assumes others will disappoint, manipulate and talk behind their backs
  • People’s motives are interpreted to be malicious
  • Hence they want to ensure the loyalty of friends/family
  • lied to, wronged, grudges

superficial
personal information
suspicious
hypervigilant

criticism, misinterpret
jealous

2/3 meet criteria for another PD

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13
Q

Avoidant PD
Strong _____ and feeling of _____ in social situations. See themselves as ________ and ______ inept. Hence, have very low self-______, are shy and timid.

They desire ____ _________, but rarely take ____ _____.

They are also _____ to criticism, _______ and negative _________. This leads them to be more socially withdrawn.

A

discomfort and feelings of inadequacy
unappealing, socially inept
low self-esteem

close relationships,
social risks

hypersensitive, rejection and negative feedback

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14
Q

The DSM-IV featured a mult-axial system where axis I included _______, reflecting those requiring ______ ____ and axis II included _________, reflecting _______ disorders.

A

anxiety, mood, eating, substance, etc

personality disorders and developmental disorders

immediate action, pervasive

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15
Q

Does this DSM have an axial system now? Why/why not?

A

No, it is a single axial system. This is due to diagnostic unreliability and lack of clear evidence for this distinction - lots of co-occurrence with other disorders

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16
Q

Elaborate on the categorical/dimensional model for classifying PDs

A

Currently, PDs classified using categorical system. This reflects medical model that each PD is symptomatically, causally and treatability different.

Advantages - clarity and ease of communicating
Disadvantages - difficult to see the boundary b/w “normal” personality and “abnormal” disorder

Gradual move towards dimensional approach - significant overlap b/w PDs and 60% don’t fit into one category.

17
Q

Obsessive Compulsive PD
Pervasive pattern of orderliness, _______ and having complete _______. Very adherent to _____, _____ and schedules.

They are seen as _____, rigid, and _______. This can be also in regards to beliefs and ______ issues.

They are surprisingly _______ and they spend so much time ______ and ______ about tasks. They are also very reluctant to _______

Views others as irresponsible, ____ and _______. They also have a lot of _______ and anger towards themselves because of their high standards

A

Pervasive pattern of orderliness and perfectionism and having complete control
Rules, details, schedules

inflexible, rigid, stubbornness, moral

inefficient, planning, worrying, delegate

  • responsible for themselves, driven by “shoulds”
  • views others as irresponsible, lazy, incompetent

disappointments and anger towards self

18
Q

Narcissistic PD
Have a ______ self-image, strong sense of ______, privilege or expectation of ____ treatment. They believe they have special _____ or ______. They think their ideas are the _____ and that others should support them. They come across as _____ and patronising.

However, deep down they have a very low ___-_____, fragile _____ and lack of intact ____-___-_____. They have a ____ _____ of what other’s think of them, and very sensitive to _____ or ______.

They lack ______ and are _____ and ______ with the problems of others. However, they have relationships if it helps build them up, so they can get ______, and advance their ______ ______

A 
grandiose
entitlement
VIP treatment
special skills/abilities
best
snobbish

low self-esteem
lack of intact sense of self
deep concern
criticism or defeat

empathy, insensitive and impatient with the problems of others

admiration
personal agenda

19
Q

Dependent PD
Have a pervasive need to be _____ ____ of, needing others to take ______ for most/all areas of their life. Hence, they have an intense fear of ______ and _______. They also constantly seek ______ from others.

They lack self-_______, and believe they cannot _____ for themselves. See themselves as _____ and _______.

They can often find it very difficult to make even the ______ decisions, and are ______ to have someone who can completely ____ ____ of them.

A

taken care of
responsibility

abandonment and rejection
reassurance

confidence
care
needy, weak, incompetent, vulnerable

smallest
desperate
take care

20
Q

Histrionic PD
Key features are _______ _______ and excessive _______, very lively, dramatic, and always wants to be _____ of ________.

Hence, they will act out to remain the centre of attention, telling ______ or ______ stories, or act in a ______ or ______ manner.

However, this display of emotions is _______, and whilst they might say to someone “you’re a wonderful person”, they have issues coming up with concrete ______

A
  • excessive emotionality and attention-seeking, lively, dramatic, always wants to be the centre of attention

dramatic, inappropriate
flirtatious, seductive - uses physical attractiveness to their advantage

  • superficial display of emotions - shallow and fickle underneath - not much there. E.g: “you’re a wonderful person” but cannot then say what is wonderful about them
21
Q

Antisocial PD

Disregard for ______, societal _____ and ______. Little ________, but can experience _____ and ________. Very _________, and ________, with little regard for the _______ of their actions.

Can have relationships, but only for their own ____ _____. Often quite ____ in relationships, self-______, and _______. They never take _______ for their actions, and can be ______, and ________ to get what they want.

A

others
societal values/norms

empathy
guilt, depression
- impulsive and irresponsible - spur of the moment decisions with little regard for the consequences or rights of others

self-gain
charming, self-assured, manipulative.
responsibility, deceptive, and aggressive

22
Q

Borderline PD
Have ______ moods.

They use a defence mechanism called _______ - where people or a job, etc, is either completely ____ or completely ______.

They are also ______ of ________, and often do extreme things to avoid this such as threaten ________, or self_______.

Often called _____ ______ - because they only consistent thing is instability

A

unstable

Splitting, good bad

terrified of abandonment, threaten suicide or self-harm

stable instability

23
Q

Name three assumptions in borderline PD and their related cognitions

A
  1. The world is dangerous –> vigilance, anxiety, avoidance
  2. I am weak and vulnerable –> low self-efficacy, fear of being alone
  3. My feelings are unacceptable –> dependency, lack of clear goals, inconsistency, anticipates rejection

No 3. is what leads to many of the bx such as impulsiveness, manipulative bx, and extreme attempts to escape emotions

24
Q

Name three assumptions in antisocial PD and their related cognitions

A
  1. Everyone is out for themselves –> I have to protect myself –> insecurity –> do not show weakness –> deception of others –> avoidance of pro-social and close relationships
  2. Rules don’t apply to me –> I can bend them –> conforming does not succeed –> lack of planning which can lead to impulsive acts
  3. If you’re smart you can beat the system –> decisions with little regard for consequences –> no point being pro-social
25
Q

Name the four aetiological factors in borderline PD

A
  1. Genetics - impulsivity and mood dysregulation - but environment influences expression of these
  2. Biological - deficits in amygdala, and executive functions (pFC), serotonin imbalance - usually regulates impulses, aggression, etc
  3. Trauma - developmental arrest - people see themselves as vulnerable and unloved - also insecure attachments
  4. Psychosocial - parents don’t each child to label and regulate emotions, tolerate distress and trusting emotional response - as adults they look to others to help them with this

= biopsychosocial model

26
Q

Dialectic Behaviour Therapy is a synthesis of _______ or _______. The central theme is ________ and change

A

opposites, contradictions, acceptance.

AKA acceptance of self and changing behaviours

27
Q

What are the four core modules of DBT? Are these acceptance or change based?

A
  1. Mindfulness - A
  2. Distress Tolerance - A
  3. Emotion Regulation - C
  4. Interpersonal Relationships - C
28
Q

DBT is the strongest ______-______ treatment for ________ PD. It involves both ______ and _______ treatments, and phone consultations are available.

A

evidence-based
borderline
individual
group

29
Q

What does the MINDFULNESS component of DBT involve?

A
  • observing and attending to events, even if distressing
  • step back and allow experiences to happen
  • applying verbal labels to environment and situations
  • always participating with attention, not mindlessness
30
Q

What does the DISTRESS TOLERANCE component of DBT involve?

A
  • experiencing current emotional state without changing it - non-judgemental acceptance is important for mental health
  • acceptance of reality does not mean approval of it - distress is accepted but still painful
31
Q

What does the EMOTION REGULATION component of DBT involve?

A
  • Difficulties in regulating pain emotions are what leads to bx reactions - so the display of emotional distress is secondary to feelings of shame, anxiety, rage
  • learns skills in identifying and labelling affect
  • Observing what triggers an emotion, the interpretation, physical and emotional feelings, and the bx associated, AND the after-effects on functioning
32
Q

What does the INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS component of DBT involve?

A
  • learns skills in interpersonal problem-solving, assertiveness, to modify aversive environments and develop effective relationships
  • how to ask for things and say “no” to people
  • placing limits on demanding bx –> need for reassurnace
33
Q

Most disorders we talk about are ego-dystonic. But personality disorders are ego-syntonic…what do these terms mean? What might be another disorder that is ego-syntonic?

A

ego-dystonic - they know there’s something wrong with them and are distressed by their symptoms.

ego-syntonic - they don’t think they have a problem and think the problem is with everyone else.

Psych Abnormal Mine (18 decks)

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