Personality Disorders Flashcards

Question

Cluster B Borderline Treatment

Answer 1

Medication DBT CBT

Answer 2

attention-seeking sexually provocative / seductive emotionally extravagant yet shallow physical appearance used to draw attention - extreme / flamboyant speech delivered with dramatic flair self-dramatization suggestible superficial relationships - perceives them to be more intimate than they in fact are

Answer 3

1.8-3 Mainly female

Answer 4

Borderline PD, all other cluster B PDs, and dependent PD often co-occur Big Five: high extraversion

Answer 5

Psychodynamic therapies CBT

Answer 6

``` perceived self importance fantasies about unlimited power excessive self love constant need admiration sense of entitlement expoitative lacking empathy envious self-absorbed/arrogant/bragging aggression - episodes of narcissistic rage ``` sub type of ASPD?

Answer 7

0.6-2% males

Answer 8

All cluster b, esp. aspd and borderline. big five - high extraversion / low agreeableness

Answer 9

Psychodynamic therapies CBT

Answer 10

10x more likely to have criminal conviction than those without. 8x more likely to have spent time in prison. increase in criminal risk was not found for those with cluster A or cluster C PD. (Coid et al, 2006).

Answer 11

Antisocial PD is characterised by a lack of regard for others, aggressiveness and impulsivity, and a lack of remorse for actions (Emmelkamp & Kamphuis, 2007). Antisocial PD has been associated with violent behaviour in and out of relationships, for men and women (Barros & Serafim, 2008; Ehrensaft et al., 2006; Emmelkamp & Kamphuis, 2007).

Answer 12

Borderline PD is characterised by general instability across many areas of life, including relationships, emotions, fear of abandonment, insecure attachment and impulsivity (Emmelkamp & Kamphuis, 2007). Borderline PD has been associated with IPV perpetration, and also with violence outside relationships, in both men and women (Barros & Serafim, 2008; Dutton, 1994b; Emmelkamp & Kamphuis, 2007)

Answer 13

Narcissistic PD associated with men’s and women’s violence within and outside of relationships (e.g. Bushman & Baumeister, 2002; Henning et al., 2003; Lawrence, 2006). Those with higher levels of narcissism are more likely to react with aggression in response to insults, criticism or conflict within relationships, or if they feel humiliated, socially rejected, that their self-esteem is challenged These feelings in narcissists can lead to aggression to save face or seek revenge, and this can apply to both violence towards partners and violence towards others.

Answer 14

Individuals with histrionic PD are excessively emotional and misinterpret their relationships as being more intimate than they in fact are. They have a need to always be the centre of attention , and behave inappropriately to increase attention: such as being overtly sexual, flirtatious and provocative (Emmelkamp & Kamphuis, 2007). Research has found that histrionic PD is present in female perpetrators of IPV (Simmons et al. 2005; Henning et al., 2003). Histrionic traits have been associated with men’s and women’s reasons for perpetrating IPV. For example, to get attention, wanting to prove love, or because their partner appears to not be fully committed (Harned, 2001; Henning et al., 2005).

Answer 15

Witful, malicious and repeated following or harassing of another person that threatens his or her safety. Is described as an abnormal enduring pattern of interpersonal behaviour Intense reaction to rejection, loss and abandonment. - associated with Narcissistic and BPD.

Answer 16

Environmental factor contributing to the aetiology of PD. - maltreatment physical/emotional/sexual/neglect - childhood trauma has been found to be related to PD most evidence related to BPD. - individuals who have been maltreated have been found to be 3x more likely to develop PD (Johnson et al 2001) - but not all children maltreated develop PD. gene-environment interaction: when genetically vulnerable children (nature) encounter childhood trauma within family environment (nurture). - longitudinal research also investigated whether problem parenting (lack of parental affection, harsh punishment) risk factor of PD.

Answer 17

- social inhibition - shuns socialising, relationships i.e. for self protection - includes occupation and interpersonal relationships. - hypersensitive to negative evaluation: criticism / disapproval / rejection - feelings of inadequacy - perceives self as socially inept, inferior or unappealing. - terrified of embarrassment / appearing foolish

Answer 18

Borderline, dependent and cluster A PDs.

Answer 19

Psychodynamic therapies CBT

Answer 20

- overreliance on others - neediness, subordinates own decisions and needs - difficulty disagreeing with others - low self confidence - excessive need to be taken care of - uncomfortable with soliude - needs close relationship - preoccupied fear left alone to care for self.

Answer 21

Borderline Avoidant Histrionic

Answer 22

- preoccupation with detail, rules, schedules, control freaks - perfectionism - excessively devoted to work to the detriment of all other life activities - serious, formal, inflexible - poor decision making / time management - hoards - reluctant to delegate - frugal - rigid / stubborn Paradoxically, most (80%) of OCPD sufferers have no obsessions or compulsions OCPD not same as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Answer 23

2.7-7.9 males

Answer 24

Avoidant PD

Answer 25

Some evidence that people with avoidant and dependent PDs have a higher risk of being victims of violence (Cormier et al., 2006). Cluster C PDs associated with the perpetration of IPV in men (Dutton, 2003; Dutton & Kerry, 1999;) and women (Henning et al., 2003). Dutton and Kerry (1999) found that it was avoidant PD that predicted male spousal homicide those with avoidant PD are sensitive to “criticism, disapproval, and rejection” (Emmelkamp & Kamphuis, 2007, p. 14). However, some longitudinal research found that cluster C PDs were protective in relation to IPV perpetration in men and women (Ehrensaft et al., 2006). those with Cluster C disorders avoid interpersonal contact through fear of inadequacy and not being liked, which may protect them from perpetrating IPV as they may be less likely to enter into a relationship in the first place.

Answer 26

Sex differences have been reported in personality disorders However it could be argued that some sex differences are a result of sex biases in diagnoses. Some research (e.g. Ford & Widiger, 1989; Garb, 1997) has presented psychologists with case histories and varied the sex of the patient, and found that psychologists were more likely to diagnose female patients with histrionic than antisocial PD, and more likely to diagnose male patients with antisocial than histrionic PD. This may be because histrionic PD contains stereotypic traits of femininity (e.g. emotionality) and antisocial PD contains stereotypic traits of masculinity (e.g. aggressiveness): therefore creating a sex bias in diagnosis.

Answer 27

There are genetic and environmental links to PD Also, parents personality traits can influence the environment that they provide for their children There is an increased prevalence for all Cluster A PDs in the relatives of individuals with schizophrenia Antisocial, borderline - More common among first-degree biological relatives than the general population Few studies on the genetics of Cluster C

Answer 28

Bowlby’s attachment theory Influential to the understanding of the development of personality, and therefore an important factor in the development of personality disorders Insecure attachment associated with PD, specifically: Dismissive attachment – narcissistic and antisocial PD Pre-occupied attachment – borderline, histrionic, obsessive-compulsive, schizotypal PD (Rosenstein & Horowitz, 1996) Most research has investigated the relationship between attachment and borderline & antisocial PD

Answer 29

Personality traits are only diagnosed as PD when they are inflexible, maladaptive, and persisting and cause significant functional impairment or subjective distress (DSM-5) Those who meet the diagnostic criteria for one PD, often also meet the criteria for several others