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Psychology - Forensic - Level 4 > Hostages & Hostage Negotiation > Flashcards

Hostages & Hostage Negotiation Flashcards

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1
Q

Definitions

A

Faure (2003): the detention of individuals whose release is conditional on the realisation of certain conditions determined by their captors

Terminology - crisis negotiation

Planned vs Accidental

Types:

1) Hijacking
2) Barricade-siege
3) Kidnapping

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2
Q

History of Hostages

A

Hostage taking has its roots in antiquity.

Hostages from Latin Hospes

Two approaches

1) soft approach
2) hard approach

1971 Attica Prison
1972 Munich Olympics
NYPD develop negotiation tactics (Marsh 2011)

3rd Approach softly slowly -Ashmore 2003

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3
Q

The players

A 
Target 
Negotiators 
Mediator
Hostage takers
Hostages
Media
Families 
Accomplices
Constituencies
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4
Q

The Players

Hostages

A

Some people are more at risk than others

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5
Q

The Players

Hostage-takers

A

3 Types - Faure 2003

1) the criminal
2) political militant
3) mentally ill

Strenz 1985 - 52% of US hostage takers are mentally disturbed.

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6
Q

The Players

Authorities

A

A word on gov’t and policies

We don’t negotiate with terrorists!

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7
Q

Stages of Hostage-Taking

A

Wilson (2003)

1) Pre-event
2) Initiation
3) Holding
4) Negotiation
5) Closure
6) Post-Event

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8
Q

1) Pre-event

A

Some people more aware than others.

  • hostage avoidance / survival training
  • technique personalisation

Kentsmith (1982)

Survivors more likely:

1) good physical health
2) strong self-identity
3) experienced success
4) purpose / meaning in life
5) rich / full / satisfying life

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9
Q

1) Pre-event

Authorities Prepare

Negotiation teams and strategies

A

Negotiation teams and strategies

  • exact role of psych unclear
  • post-event counselling
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10
Q

1) Pre-event

Authorities Prepare

Success as Negotiator

A

Volunteers

Good specialised training

Wide range of experience

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11
Q

1) Pre-event

Authorities Prepare

Profiling

A

Too speculative

Interviews with captured terrorists?

To what ends?

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12
Q

1) Pre-event

Hostage-takers prepare

A

Motivation and commitment

Likelihood capture.

Level of preparation and resources can be a useful insight into the hostage-takers.

  • manpower available
  • equipment available
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13
Q

2) Initiation

Hostage takers

A

Assert control.

Fatalities? Most likely time for fatalities during rescue.

How do hostages behave?

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14
Q

2) Initiation

Authorities initiate set procedures

A

Intelligence gathered

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15
Q

2) Initiation

Making Predictions

A

Predicting the outcome of a hostage situation.

Factors most associated with a violent ending:

  • major international incident
  • non-mobile strategy
  • presence of explosives /grenades
  • deliberate hostage execution
  • availability of a trained rescue team
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16
Q

2) Initiation

Making Predictions

Criticisms

A

Don’t differentiate between different types of hostage taking

Assuming that what the terrorists asked for was what they actually wanted!

17
Q

3 Holding

A

The role of media

  • does it encourage such incidents to take place?
  • the media may give away critical tactical information

Should there be a media blackout to discourage ‘attention-seekers’?

Case of Achille Lauro

Media can be used in a positive way,

18
Q

3) Holding

Hostages experience

Stages

A

Allodi 1994:

  • sensory deprivation
  • powerlessness
  • dehumanisation
  • fear of death
  • worthlessness
  • ambivalence

Kentsmith 1982

1) feelings of isolation
2) search for meaning
3) reflection on life
4) terms with possible death
5) Positive feelings - hope

19
Q

3) Holding

Hostages experience

Stockholm Syndrome

A

Stockholm bank
4 bank employees held hostage for 131 hours.

The paradoxical development of reciprocal positive feelings between hostages and their terrorist captors - Auerbach et al 1994

20
Q

3) Holding

Hostages experience

Stockholm Syndrome

Does it exist?

A

Wilson 2003 - little known

Fuelier 1991 - detailed account

Maybe referred to as Hostage Identification Syndrome (HIS)

21
Q

3) Holding

Hostages experience

Stockholm Syndrome

Stages

A

1) face-to-face contact
2) shared language
3) present / nature violence
4) prior knowledge of HIS
5) Time

22
Q

3) Holding

Hostages experience

Stockholm Syndrome

Why does it happen?

A

Wilson 1999 - the role of rules and scripts and script breakdown.

Using advantage:

  • negotiators
  • hostage takers

Course of HIS does not always run smooth.

23
Q

3) Holding

Hostages experience

The London Syndrom

A

1981 Iranian Embassy Siege
Hostages uncooperative and aggressive e.g. SAbbas Lavasani

“a belligerent, argumentative attitude clearly may place a hostage at greater risk if the hostage taker decides to select someone for injury or death” Fuselier 1999

Hostages also at risk if they draw attention to themselves by crying, whining and being over compliant.

24
Q

3) Negotiation

A

Lanceley 1999: the number one priority in crisis negotiations is the preservation of human life, any life. Everything else is secondary.

  • containment
  • perimeters
  • negotiate
25
Q

3) Negotiation

Guidelines

A

Fuselier 1981

  • basic human needs increase
  • anxiety reduction
  • thinking more rationally / less emotionally
  • Stockholm syndrome may begin to form
  • Increased escape
  • Intel gathering
  • Rapport / trust
26
Q

3) Negotiation

Qualities of Good Negotiator

A

Fuselier 1981

1) excellent mental / physical health
2) emotional maturity
3) good listener
4) someone who can easily establish credibility with others
5) ability to use logical arguments to convince others
6) able to cope with uncertainty
7) consider assault approach

27
Q

3) Negotiation

Role of Negotiator

A

Lanceley 1999

Active listening:

  • not necessarily smooth talking
  • ex-FBI negotiator claims needs to be a smooth-talker
  • take notes
  • get hostage-taker’s name right (no shortening)

Aim to build rapport with target.

28
Q

4) What is negotiable?

A

Food

  • verify number of hostages
  • not drugged

Drink
- not alcohol

Cigarettes / comfort
- good faith

Media coverage
- axe to grind

Negotiators should remain flexible

29
Q

4) What is NOT negotiable?

A

Transportation
Bangkok solution - hostages for safe passage

Weapons / ammunition

Hostage exchange
or named hostage

Communication with significant others

30
Q

5) Closure

A

Most dangerous stage in terms of loss of life

Authorities must decide whether and when to intervene

  • cost-benefit analysis
  • Corsi 1981 - only 1% of terrorists are actually suicidal and prepared to die.

Hostage takers have to decide whether to take any deals offered.

31
Q

5) Closure

Top 5 demands

A

Wilson 2000

1) release of prisoners - named
2) release of prisoners - general set
3) publicity
4) travel
5) money

32
Q

6 Post-Event

Hostages - short term

A

Maintain cohesive support group around them.

Briefing about Symond’s second injury

33
Q

6 Post-Event

Hostages - long term

A

Allodi 1994 - stages recovery

1) denial and avoidance of recall of experience
2) acceptance - experience grief / depression
3) reocery / integration

Possible positive outcomes

34
Q

The Input of Psychology

A

Applied Psychology

e.g. 
Leadership
Group Dynamics 
Social Influence 
Norms

Psychology - Forensic - Level 4 (8 decks)

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