Personality Disorders Flashcards
What is personality?
A cluster of relatively predictable patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that is generally consistent across time, space and context
What features contribute to the structure of personality?
Openness Neuroticism Agreeableness Extraversion Conscientiousness
How is a personality disorder defined?
An enduring pattern of inner experience and behaviour that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture.
Where is the pattern in PD manifested from (must be 2 or more)?
Cognition (ways of perceiving and interpreting self, other people, and events)
Affectivity (the range, intensity, lability, and appropriateness of emotional response)
Interpersonal functioning
Impulse control
How is the enduring pattern described in PD?
Inflexible
Pervasive across a broad range of personal and social situations
Leads to clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning
How long does the pattern in PD last?
Stable and long duration, its onset is in adolescence or early adulthood if not younger
What is important to distinguish about the pattern to clarify it is not related to anything else?
Pattern is not better explained as a manifestation or consequence of another mental disorder
Not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or medical condition
What are the features of Anankastic PD?
Feelings of excessive doubt and caution.
Preoccupation with details, rules, lists, order, organization or schedule.
Perfectionism that interferes with task completion.
Excessive conscientiousness and scrupulousness.
Undue preoccupation with productivity to the exclusion of pleasure and interpersonal relationships.
Excessive pedantry and adherence to social conventions.
Rigidity and stubbornness.
Unreasonable insistence that others submit to exactly his or her way of doing things, or unreasonable reluctance to allow others to do things.
What are the aetiological influences on antisocial PD?
Additive genetic
Non-additive genetic
Shared environmental
Non-shared environmental
What is the average heritability of PD?
60%
What are the 3 DSM-5 clusters of PD?
A: Odd and Eccentric
B: Dramatic, emotional, erratic
C: Anxious and fearful
What is included in cluster A: odd and eccentric?
Paranoid
Schizoid
Schizotypal
What is included in cluster B: dramatic, emotional, erratic?
Antisocial
Borderline
Histrionic
Narcissistic
What is included in cluster C: anxious and fearful?
Avoidant
Dependent
Obsessive-Compulsive
What is Paranoid PD?
A pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such that their motives are interpreted as malevolent, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts?
What features are required to diagnose Paranoid PD (4 or more required)?
Suspects, without sufficient basis, that others are exploiting, harming, or deceiving him or her.
Is preoccupied with unjustified doubts about the loyalty or trustworthiness of friends or associates.
Is reluctant to confide in others because of unwarranted fear that the information will be used maliciously against him or her.
Reads hidden demeaning or threatening meanings into benign remarks or events.
Persistently bears grudges (i.e., is unforgiving of insults, injuries, or slights).
Perceives attacks on his or her character or reputation that are not apparent to others and is quick to react angrily or to counterattack.
Has recurrent suspicions, without justification, regarding fidelity of spouse or sexual partner.
What is Schizoid PD?
A pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of expression of emotions in interpersonal settings, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts
What features are required to diagnose Schizoid PD (4 or more)?
Neither desires nor enjoys close relationships, including being part of a family.
Almost always chooses solitary activities.
Has little, if any, interest in having sexual experiences with another person.
Takes pleasure in few, if any, activities.
Lacks close friends or confidants other than first-degree relatives.
Appears indifferent to the praise or criticism of others.
Shows emotional coldness, detachment, or flattened affectivity.
What is Antisocial PD?
A pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, occurring since age 15yo
What features are required for a diagnosis of Antisocial PD (3 or more)?
Failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behaviors, as indicated by repeatedly performing acts that are grounds for arrest.
Deceitfulness, as indicated by repeated lying, use of aliases, or conning others for personal profit or pleasure.
Impulsivity or failure to plan ahead.
Irritability and aggressiveness, as indicated by repeated physical fights or assaults.
Reckless disregard for safety of self or others.
Consistent irresponsibility, as indicated by repeated failure to sustain consistent work behavior or honor financial obligations.
Lack of remorse, as indicated by being indifferent to or rationalizing having hurt, mistreated, or stolen from another.
What is Borderline PD?
A pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts
What features are required for a diagnosis of Borderline PD (5 or more)?
Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment.
A pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships characterized by alternating between extremes of idealization and devaluation.
Identity disturbance: markedly and persistently unstable self-image or sense of self. 4.Impulsivity in at least two areas that are potentially self-damaging (e.g., spending, sex,
substance abuse, reckless driving, binge eating).
Recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, or threats, or self-mutilating behavior.
Affective instability due to a marked reactivity of mood (e.g., intense episodic dysphoria,
irritability, or anxiety usually lasting a few hours and only rarely more than a few days).
Chronic feelings of emptiness.
Inappropriate, intense anger or difficulty controlling anger (e.g., frequent displays of
temper, constant anger, recurrent physical fights).
Transient, stress-related paranoid ideation or severe dissociative symptoms.
What is Histrionic PD?
A pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts
What features are required for a diagnosis of Histrionic PD (5 or more)?
Is uncomfortable in situations in which he or she is not the center of attention.
Interaction with others is often characterized by inappropriate sexually seductive or provocative behavior.
Displays rapidly shifting and shallow expression of emotions.
Consistently uses physical appearance to draw attention to self.
Has a style of speech that is excessively impressionistic and lacking in detail.
Shows self-dramatization, theatricality, and exaggerated expression of emotion.
Is suggestible (i.e., easily influenced by others or circumstances).
Considers relationships to be more intimate than they actually are.
