Personality Disorders Flashcards
Five Factor Model
- Neuroticism
- Extroversion
- Agreeableness
- Openness to experience
- Conscientiousness
General Ideas Surrounding Personality Disorders
- Personality is predictive of life outcomes
- Can be maladaptive and cause impairment
- If they deviate, are pervasive, or have an early-onset then they typically constitute personality disorders
- Personality disorders are more stable over time
- They have periods of times where symptoms are very active, and then it calms down a bit
- 10% of individuals meet criteria for personality disorder, 20-50% in clinical/mental health settings
- High comorbidity with other mental disorders
- Stigma, as there is often a difficult relationships with professionals
- Treatment takes a lot longer in comparison to other disorders
Categorical Approach of the DSM in Classifying Personality Disorders
DSM-III - three cluster groups
- Cluster A: odd or eccentric
- Cluster B: dramatic or emotional
- Cluster C: anxious
Later Revisions
- Multi-axial system removed
- Any five of the nine symptoms classifies disorder
- Made it like other disorders
Limitations of a Categorical Approach to Classifying Personality Disorders
- Arbitrary threshold
- Extensive heterogeneous
- Misses relational context when saying something is a illness
Hybrid Model Approach in Classifying Personality Disorders
(dimensional-categorical)
A: impairment in personality functioning
- In sense of self, identity
- Interpersonal functioning, empathy and intimacy
- Rated on levels of personality functioning scale
- Moderate impairment required for diagnosis
B: pathological personality traits, need one or more
- Negative affectivity
- Detachment
- Antagonism
- Disinhibition
- Psychoticism
- each of which has 25 trait facets
Efficacy of Hybrid Model in Classifying Personality Disorders
- Had good retest reliability in dsm field trial
- Some groups reviewed felt there wasn’t enough evidence to establish clinical utility in new dsm5
- Therefore they made it an alternative model to the already established categories
- There has been growing interest
- Still classified using categorical
DSM Definition of General Personality Disorder
A. → enduring pattern of inner experience and behaviour that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture. The pattern is manifested in 2 or more of the following areas
- Cognition
- Affectivity
- Interpersonal functioning
- Impulse control
B. inflexible and pervasive across social situations
C. significant distress
D. stable and long
E. not due to other
disorder
F. not due to substances or other mental condition
Cluster A of Personality Disorders
- Paranoid
- Schizoid
- Schizotypal
Cluster B of Personality Disorders
- Antisocial
- Borderline
- Histrionic
- Narcissistic
Cluster C of Personality Disorders
- Avoidant
- Dependent
- Obsessive-compulsive
The Two Assumptions Psychometrics Make About Mental Constructs It Measures
- They Exist
- They can Measured and Quantified
Key Assumptions of Personality
- it is stable over time
- it influences behaviour
- there are a finite number of dimensions of which people can differ (personality traits)
Hippocrates 4 Humours
Sanguine - blood
Choleric - yellow bile
Melancholic - black bile
Phlegmatic - phlegm
- Personality in relation to an excess of some bodily fluids
Factor Analysis
→ factors consist of items that correlate highly with each other but lowly with other items on the scale
- Rate a series of questions on a scale
- Correlating the scores of item one with the scores of item two and so on, ending in a correlation coefficient
- Determine the factors that correlate with each other, and group them in clusters
- The data is best accounted for by a 2 factor model
Raymond Cattell used factor analysis to identify 16 personality factors
- Sitting between a range of the factors he found
(*provide more context)
Eysenck’s Personality Theory
Reduced Cattell’s into 2 factors
- Extraversion/introversion
- Emotionally unstable/emotionally stable
- This ended up mapping on to hippocrate’s 4 humours
-Eysenck later included a 3rd factor (psychoticism)
- Rather than psychoticism as it is typically thought of (in relation to SZ), Eysenck uses it in place of psychopathy (such as in reference to aggression, coldness, a lack of empathy, and manipulativeness)
