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Assessment, Personality and Psychopathology > Personality Disorders > Flashcards

Personality Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Five Factor Model

A
  • Neuroticism
  • Extroversion
  • Agreeableness
  • Openness to experience
  • Conscientiousness
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2
Q

General Ideas Surrounding Personality Disorders

A
  • Personality is predictive of life outcomes
  • Can be maladaptive and cause impairment
  • If they deviate, is pervasive, has early-onset than they typically constitute personality disorders
  • Personality disorders are more stable over time
  • Periods of times where symptoms are very active, and then it calms down a bit
  • 10% meet criteria for personality disorder, 20-50% in clinical/mental health settings
  • High comorbidity with other mental disorders
  • Stigma, often difficult relationships with professionals
  • Treatment takes a lot longer in comparison to other disorders
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3
Q

Categorical Approach of the DSM in Classifying Personality Disorders

A

DSM-III - three cluster groups

  • Cluster A: odd or eccentric
  • Cluster B: dramatic or emotional
  • Cluster C: anxious

Later Revisions

  • Multi-axial system removed
  • Any five of the nine symptoms classifies disorder
  • Made it like other disorders
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4
Q

Limitations of a Categorical Approach to Classifying Personality Disorders

A
  • Arbitrary threshold
  • Extensive heterogeneous
  • Misses relational context when saying something is a illness
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5
Q

Hybrid Model Approach in Classifying Personality Disorders

A

(dimensional-categorical)

A: impairment in personality functioning

  • In sense of self, identity
  • Interpersonal functioning, empathy and intimacy
  • Rated on levels of personality functioning scale
  • Moderate impairment required for diagnosis

B: pathological personality traits, need one or more

  • Negative affectivity
  • Detachment
  • Antagonism
  • Disinhibition
  • Psychoticism
  • each of which has 25 trait facets
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6
Q

Efficacy of Hybrid Model in Classifying Personality Disorders

A
  • Had good retest reliability in dsm field trial
  • Some groups reviewed felt there wasn’t enough evidence to establish clinical utility in new dsm5
  • Therefore they made it an alternative model to the already established categories
  • There has been growing interest
  • Still classified using categorical
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7
Q

DSM Definition of General Personality Disorder

A

A. → enduring pattern of inner experience and behaviour that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture. The pattern is manifested in 2 or more of the following areas

  1. Cognition
  2. Affectivity
  3. Interpersonal functioning
  4. Impulse control

B. inflexible and pervasive across social situations

C. significant distress

D. stable and long

E. not due to other
disorder

F. not due to substances or other mental condition

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8
Q

Cluster A of Personality Disorders

A
  • Paranoid
  • Schizoid
  • Schizotypal
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9
Q

Cluster B of Personality Disorders

A
  • Antisocial
  • Borderline
  • Histrionic
  • Narcissistic
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10
Q

Cluster C of Personality Disorders

A
  • Avoidant
  • Dependent
  • Obsessive-compulsive
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11
Q

The Two Assumptions Psychometrics Make About Mental Constructs It Measures

A
  1. They Exist
  2. They can Measured and Quantified
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11
Q

Key Assumptions of Personality

A
  • it is stable over time
  • it influences behaviour
  • there are a finite number of dimensions of which people can differ (personality traits)
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12
Q

Hippocrates 4 Humours

A

Sanguine - blood

Choleric - yellow bile

Melancholic - black bile

Phlegmatic - phlegm

  • Personality in relation to an excess of some bodily fluids
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13
Q

Factor Analysis

A

→ factors consist of items that correlate highly with each other but lowly with other items on the scale

  • Rate a series of questions on a scale
  • Correlating the scores of item one with the scores of item two and so on, ending in a correlation coefficient
  • Determine the factors that correlate with each other, and group them in clusters
  • The data is best accounted for by a 2 factor model

Raymond Cattell used factor analysis to identify 16 personality factors

  • Sitting between a range of the factors he found
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14
Q

Eysenck’s Personality Theory

A

Reduced Cattell’s into 2 factors

  1. Extraversion/introversion
  2. Emotionally unstable/emotionally stable
  • This ended up mapping on to hypocrite’s 4 humours

-Eysenck later included a 3rd factor (psychoticism)

  • Misnomer, refers to aggression, coldness, lack of empathy, manipulativeness
  • Might have instead referred to psychopathy
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15
Q

Big 5 Personality Factor

A

(OCEAN acronym)

  • Openness to experience
  • Conscientiousness
  • Extraversion
  • Agreeableness
  • Neuroticism
16
Q

NEO-Personality Inventory Revised to Measure the Big 5

A
  • 240 questions
  • 5 point scale
  • Each factor is comprised of 6 ‘facets’ (subfactors)
  • This has good reliability (split-half reliability and test-retest reliability)
  • Has good criterion (conscientiousness predicts GPA of uni students) and convergent validity (NEO extraversion score correlates highly with Eysenck extraversion score)
17
Q

Stability of the Big 5 Over Time

A
  • Completed inventory in a longitudinal study over 4 years
  • Changed a very small amount
  • Neo-pi over 45 years
  • And there was large correlations
18
Q

Maturity Principles

A

Maturity principle: increase in agreeableness and conscientiousness, decrease in neuroticism, over young adulthood (Roberts et al., 2006)

  • Major life events can lead to personality changes (Bleidorn 2018)
  • Changes in personality over covid-19, young adults showed disrupted maturity (Sutin 2022)
  • Neuroticism can reduce through therapeutic intervention ( Roberts - 2017)
19
Q

Universality of the Big 5

A
  • Lots of evidence in support, given tests to american, french and filipino
  • But some evidence against, (2012) gave BFI to Tsimane people of bolivian jungle and the big 5 did not come out, instead it was prosociality and industriousness
20
Q

Heritability of the Big 5

A
  • Jang et al., (1996)
  • Given test to identical twins in comparison to non-identical twins
  • If it was heritable it would be closer than if they were non-identical
  • And so they found that all 5 factors were heritable
21
Q

Neurobiological Correlates of the Big 5

A
  • De Young et al., (2010)
  • Underwent sMRI scanning
  • O - not significant
  • C - MFG
  • E - medial orbitofrontal (inhibition)
  • A - STS (monitoring intentions of others)
  • N - lot, including amygdala (fear)
22
Q

The Dark Triad

A

→ subclinical set of negative personality traits

  • Narcissism
  • Psychopathy - callous, insensitive
  • Machiavellianism - manipulate, strategic, will flatter and lie to get their way
23
Q

The Dark Triad and Attractiveness

A
  • Participants had their photo taken and completed scales of the factors
  • Attractiveness rated
  • Participants scored higher on dark triad were rated as more attractive than those who scored low

Assessment, Personality and Psychopathology (18 decks)

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