personality disorders Flashcards
who was the pioneer in the study of psychopathology?
Théodule- Armand RIBOT
what key features is there for personality disorder?
- Behavior and inner experience not expected (socioculturally).
- Inflexible.
- Onset in adolescence and stable.
- Leads to distress or impairment.
name some differences with other psychological disorders
- They are more ego-syntonic (behavior, feelings and thoughts more acceptable or desirable).
- So, less awareness of the disorder.
what is the prevalence for personality disorders?
9-15%. HIGH!
describe the Multiaxial system
Axis I: Disorders
Axis II: Personality Disorders; Intelectual Disability
Axis III: Medical illness
Axis IV: Psychosocial and environmental problems
Axis V: Global Evaluation
does DSM-5 use the Multiaxial system?
no, but many professionals still use it.
what kind of scales can you use for evaluation?
- Scales for Personality traits (nonpathological).
- Scales for a complete screening for personality disordes.
- Scales for a particular personality disorder.
what is the five major personality factors?
- Neuroticism or emotional instability.
- Extraversion.
- Agreeableness (cooperative, warm, honest, considerate, kind, etc.).
- Openness to experience.
- Conscientiousness (diligent, careful, responsable, etc.).
name a scale for a complete screening for personality disorders
MCMI- Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory
name 2 scales for particular disorders
- SPQ- Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire
- PCL- psychopathy checklist
what kinds of intervention is there for personality disorders?
- Individual psychotherapy
- Group therapy
- Family therapy
- Pharmacotherapy
describe the Dialectical Behavior Therapy
- it’s a combination of acceptance, cognitive
restructuring, and mindfulness. - the goals is:
1. To learn that human relationships are not only a love-and-hate issue.
2. To manage anger and stress.
3. To control impulses.
4. To increase self-steem.
5. To set personal goals.
which are the Main types of personality disorders?
- Cluster A: Appear “odd or eccentric”.
– Paranoid personality disorder
– Schizoid p. d.
– Schizotypal p. d. - Cluster B: Appear “dramatic, emotional, or erratic”.
– Borderline p. d.
– Antisocial p. d.
– Histrionic p. d.
– Narcissistic p. d. - Cluster C: Appear “anxious or fearful”.
– Avoidant p. d.
– Dependant p. d.
– Obsessive p. d
describe paranoid personality disorder
a pattern of distrust and suspiciousness such that other’s motives are malevolent
what is the prevalence for paranoid personality disorder?
2.3-4.4%
what comorbidity is there for paranoid personality disorder
other personality disorders
describe schizoid personality disorder
a pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression
what is the prevalence for schizoid pd
3.1-4.9%
what comorbidity is there for schizoid pd
other personality disorders
describe schizotypal pd
a pattern of:
- eccentricities of behavior
- cognitive or perceptual distorsions
- acute discomfort in close relationships
what is the prevalence for schizotypal pd
- 3.9%
- norway 0.6 and USA 4.6
- more prevalent if parents suffer from schizophrenia
what comorbidity is there for schizotypal pd
- other personality disorders (eg paranoid personality disorders)
- generalized social phobia
- mood disorders
what evaluation is there for schizotypal personality disorder
SPQ- schizotypal personality questionnaire
describe borderline personality disorder
a pattern of:
- instability in interpersonal relationships
- instability in self-image and affects
- unstable emotions: marked impulsivity
describe Instability in interpersonal relationships (borderline)
- Marked sensitivity to rejection or criticism
- Fear of abandonment
- Idealization and devaluation of others
- Manipulative behavior
describe Instability in self-image and affects (borderline)
- Feeling of emptiness
- Difficulty knowing what they value, believe
or prefer
describe Unstable emotions: marked impulsivity (borderline)
- Running away
- Leaving jobs
- Self-injury (50-80%)
what is the prevalence for borderline
- 1-2%
- risk of suicide: 5-10%
what comorbidity is there for borderline
- Mood disorders
- Substance abuse
- Impulse-control disorders
- Eating disorders
- Post-traumatic stress disorder
describe antisocial personality disorder
a pattern of:
- disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others
- lack of empathy
what changes in the brain is there for antisocial pd
Amygdala and hippocampus are smaller in the clinical group
what evaluation is there for antisocial pd
PCL- psychopathy checklist
describe histrionic pd
a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking
what is the comorbidity for histrionic pd
- other personality disorders (eg borderline, narcissistic and dependant)
- substance abuse
what is the prevalence for histrionic pd
1.8%
describe narcissistic pd
a pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, lack of empathy
what prevalence is there for narcissistic pd
up to 6.2%
what comorbidity is there for narcissistic pd
- Other personality disorders (especially histrionic, borderline, antisocial, and paranoid personality disorders).
- Mood disorders
- Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa
- Substance abuse (especially cocaine)
what did sigmund freud say about narcisism
There is a primary narcisism as a phase of
sexual development, and a secondary
narcisism characterized by megalomania.
describe avoidant pd
A pervasive pattern of:
* Social inhibition and avoidance of social
interaction
* Feelings of inadequacy and inferiority
* Hypersensitivity to negative evaluation
what is the prevalence for avoidant pd
2.4%
what comorbidity is there for avoidant pd
- Social phobia
- Agoraphobia
- Other personality disorders
- Substance abuse
describe dependent pd
A pervasive pattern of:
*Submissive and clinging behavior
related to an excessive need to be
taken care of
what is the prevalence for dependent pd
0.5%
what is the comorbidity for dependent pd
- Other personality disorders
- Substance abuse
what risks is there for dependent pd
- Parenting:
– overprotectiveness
– authoritarianism - Adverse or traumatic experiences
describe obsessive-compulsive pd
A pervasive pattern of preoccupation with:
* Orderliness
* Perfectionism
* Mental and interpersonal control
what prevalence is there for obsessive-compulsive pd
up to 7.9%
what comorbidity is there for obsessive-compulsive pd
- OCD
- Feeding and eating disorders
- Asperger’s Syndrome
- Other personality disorders
what risks is there for obsessive-compulsive pd
- Parenting:
– High expectations
– Too many rules - Adverse or traumatic experiences
