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psykologi- madrid > mood disorders > Flashcards

mood disorders Flashcards

1
Q

what are some general characteristics for depressive disorders

A
  • Low mood along time (sadness, emptiness) (irritability in children)
  • Recurrent thoughts of undervaluation, insecurity, guilt, hopelessness or death
  • Generalized loss of interest
  • Fatigue, tiredness, loss of energy
  • Changes in sleep and/or weight
  • loss of interest, guilt
  • atypical (eating a lot)
  • psychotic
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2
Q

what are some subtypes for depressive disorders

A
  • major depression disorder: single episode, recurrent episode (85%)
  • dysthymia or persistent depressive disorder: mild intensity, long duration >2 years
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3
Q

describe postpartum

A
  • 10 % (5-25%)
    Factors:
  • Biological changes (hormones, etc.)
  • Previous Emotional Instability
  • Intolerance of mixed emotions or of disability
  • Lack of social support
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4
Q

what is depression according to Freud

A

Inverted hostility against the self because a need of suffering

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5
Q

what is depression according to james coyne

A

loss of social relationships

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6
Q

what is depression according to Aaron Beck

A

the persistent negative cognitions cause depression and they are also consequenses from it

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7
Q

describe the Cognitive Behavioral Approach

A

“Negative Cognitions”

Form
- Inaccurate
- Sustained
- Often intrusive

Content:
* about the self, the world, the future (depressive cognitive triad)

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8
Q

how to evaluate depressive disorder

A
  • evaluation of suicidal ideation
  • evaluation of drug-treatment need
  • questionnaires:

BDI: beck depression inventory
HDRS: hamilton depression rating scale
CES-D: center for epidemiologic studies depression scale
CDI: children’s depression inventory
SSI: scale for sucide ideation

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9
Q

How much cronbach’s alpha is there for BDI-II (depressive disorder)

A

0.91

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10
Q

what interventions is there for depressive disorder

A
  • CBT
  • interpersonal therapy
  • pharmacotherapy (effective in severe depressive disorders
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11
Q

what are CBT key objectives in depressive disorder

A
  • challenging and neutralizing negative thoughts and false beliefs using socratic dialoge
  • examining evidence for sustain thoughts
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12
Q

why is meditation effective in depressive disorders

A

helps to stop elaborative thinking

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13
Q

describe interpersonal psychotherapy

A
  • typical duration: 12-16 weeks

focus on:
- interpersonal distress (role conflict, relationship difficulties)
- loss
- life span relationships

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14
Q

what are the objectives for interpersonal therapy (depressive disorder)

A
  • Enhancing social support
  • Decreasing interpersonal stress
  • Facilitating emotional processing
  • Improving interpersonal skills
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15
Q

what pharmacotherapy is there for depressive disorder and what are the problems

A
  • antidepressants
  • side effects
  • efficacy is not immediate
  • don’t maintain effects
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16
Q

what happens in the brain (depressive disorder)

A

lower: serotonine, dopamine
hippocampus: 10-20% volume reduction

17
Q

what are the four main groups of antidepressants

A
  • Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)
  • Tricyclic antidepressants
  • Atypical antidepressants
  • Selective Serotonin Reuptake
    Inhibitors (SSRI) (FIRST OPTION now)
18
Q

what other therapies is there for depressive disorder

A
  • Electroconvulsive Therapy
  • Transcraneal stimulation
19
Q

what are some manic symtoms of bipolar disorders

A

(at least 1 week)
* Euphoria
* Loquacity- Bekvämlighet
* Reduced need for sleep
* Increase of sexual impulse
* Distraction
* Irritability
* Delusions

20
Q

what are some subtypes of bipolar disorder

A

Bipolar I Disorder:
- Manic episodes

Bipolar II Disorder:
- Hypomanic episodes

Cyclothymic Disorder:
- Fast changes between up and lows
- Mild intensity symptoms
- Duration > 2 years (1 year in children and adolescents)

21
Q

what is the diagnostic criteria for manic episode

A

A. A distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased goal-directed activity or energy, lasting at least 1 week and present most of the day, nearly every day (or any duration if hospitalization is necessary).

B. During the period of mood disturbance and increased energy or activity, **three (or more) of the following symptoms (four if the mood is only irritable) are present **to a significant degree and represent a noticeable change from usual behavior:
1. Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity.
2. Decreased need for sleep (e.g., feels rested after only 3 hours of sleep).
3. More talkative than usual or pressure to keep talking.
4. Flight of ideas or subjective experience that thoughts are racing.
5. Distractibility (i.e., attention too easily drawn to unimportant or irrelevant external stimuli), as
reported or observed.
6. Increase in goal-directed activity (either socially, at work or school, or sexually) or psychomotor agitation.
7. Excessive involvement in activities that have a high potential for painful consequences (e.g.,
engaging in unrestrained buying sprees, sexual indiscretions, or foolish business investments).

C. The mood disturbance is sufficiently severe to cause marked impairment in social or occupational functioning or to necessitate hospitalization to prevent harm to self or others, or there are psychotic features.

D. The episode is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication, other treatment) or to another medical condition.

22
Q

describe Hypomanic episode

A
  • Less duration (but at least 4 days)
  • Less intensity than a manic episode
  • No hospitalization is necessary
23
Q

diagnostic criteria for hypomanic episode

A

A. A distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and
persistently increased goal-directed activity or energy, lasting at least 4 days and present most of the day, nearly
every day.
B. During the period of mood disturbance and increased energy or activity, three (or more) of the following symptoms (fourif the mood is only irritable) are present to a significant degree and represent a noticeable change from usual
behavior:
1. Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity.
2. Decreased need for sleep (e.g., feels rested after only 3 hours of sleep).
3. More talkative than usual or pressure to keep talking.
4. Flight of ideas or subjective experience that thoughts are racing.
5. Distractibility (i.e., attention too easily drawn to unimportant or irrelevant external stimuli), as reported or
observed.
6. Increase in goal-directed activity (either socially, at work or school, or sexually) or psychomotor agitation.
7. Excessive involvement in activities that have a high potential for painful consequences (e.g., engaging in
unrestrained buying sprees, sexual indiscretions, or foolish business investments).
C. The episode is associated with an unequivocal change in functioning that is uncharacteristics of the individual when not
symptomatic.
D. The disturbance in mood and the change in functioning are observable by others.
E. The episode is not severe enough to cause marked impairment in social or occupational functioning or to necessitate
hospitalization. If there are pychotic features, the episode is, by definition, manic.
F. Not attributable to a substance

24
Q

what is the warning for drugs in bipolar disorders

A

Many drugs may provoke manic or hypomanic episodes

25
Q

what are some difficulties in diagnosis (bipolar disorder)

A
  • Most people do not know this disorder
  • When a person is suffering an hypomanic episode, no disease awareness is present in most cases
  • Sometimes there is a confusion when person is taking drugs
  • It is difficult to be distinguished from happiness
26
Q

what is Cyclothymic Disorder

A
  • At least 2 months of hypomanic symptoms but not hypomanic episodes
  • At least 2 months of depressive symptoms but not depressive disorders
  • During at least 2 years
27
Q

how many % of bipolar disorder is there

A

1%
- high risk of suicide
- divorce in 60% of cases after diagnosis

28
Q

describe distress in bipolar disorder

A

job, family, grief

29
Q

how do you evaluate bipolar disorder

A

YMRS- young mania rating scale
P-YMRS- parents-young mania rating scales

30
Q

what interventions is there for bipolar disorder

A

pharmacotherapy
- mood stabilizers
- atypical antipsychotics

psychotherapy
Because bipolar disorders are:
– recurrent
– with great personal and interpersonal impact
– sometimes dangerous for life

Helping in maintain medication (if prescribed)
* Restauring psychological functioning
* Preventing relapse by
–Information
–Implementation of regular life and safety behaviors

31
Q
A

psykologi- madrid (7 decks)

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