introduction Flashcards

1
Q

how many people are suffering from any psychological disorder

A

Around 10% of people is suffering from any psychological disorder

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2
Q

A psychological disorder is a…

A
  • Psychological dysfunction along time (concerning behavior, emotion, or cognition)
  • unexpected in the individual’s sociocultural context
  • and associated with intense and chronic distress or interference or inability (social or job)
  • It is not a particular behavior, a single emotion or thought. And it is not a habit or a personality predisposition (if they do not cause human suffering).
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3
Q

why use the concept psychological disorder?

A
  • helps to humanize suffering and strange behaviors and feelings
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4
Q

bad practice of using the concept psychological disorder

A
  • labelling persons not problems
  • false positives (overdiagnosis)
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5
Q

Hippocrates of Kos

A

First descriptions of psychological disorder

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6
Q

Thomas Sydenham

A

Concept of syndrome (=a set of symptoms)

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7
Q

Philippe Pinel

A
  • Mental alienation concept
  • hypothesis about causes of mental insanity: genetics, physical and moral (passions, all kind of excesses
  • a more humane intervention: moral therapy
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8
Q

Emil Kraepelin

A

First systematic classification

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9
Q

The two main classifications used in the world

A
  • DSM-5
  • ICD-11
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10
Q

which factors does psychological disorders have?

A
  • biological factors
  • social factors
  • psychological factors
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11
Q

what is biological factors?

A
  • genetic predisposition
  • neuroanatomical alterations
  • unbalanced chemical system
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12
Q

what is social factors?

A
  • To be criticized or rejected
  • social comparison
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13
Q

what is psychological factors?

A
  • self-esteem
  • instability (in general we love ourselves, but with conditions
  • no reality acceptance
  • emotional dysregulation
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14
Q

how to evaluate?

A
  • psychological factors
  • social factors: it is very important to evaluate the person in his or her family, social, economic and cultural context
  • biological factors: fortunately, each time there are more and more devices and instruments available for biological evaluation
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15
Q

what kind of methods is there for evaluation?

A

interview
observation
test

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16
Q

how to interview?

A
  • use active observation and non-verbal communication
  • ask only relevant information with maximum respect and affection
  • do not ask questions when you already know the answer
  • do not anticipate explanations and do not offer them to the person
    eg: “don’t you believe this is happening because of…?”
  • Write down: “the person is saying that…” (do not believe the information only once listened at)
  • Use the “descending arrow technique” for exploring inner thoughts, needs, goals, values…
17
Q

give an example of descending arrow technique?

A

i worry about start teaching at school–>
if i don’t do it well, they will fire me–>
my finances are at risk–>
i would have to move back to my parents–>
that would be the worst thing that could happen to me–>

18
Q

why use descending arrow technique?

A

explore inner thoughts, needs, goals, values

19
Q

give some examples of tests

A

free responses measures (formerly known as “projective tests”
- word association test
- rorschach test
- thematic apperception test

rating scales or self-report measures (formerly known as “objective tests”)

20
Q

describe the Word association test (1910)
and who made it?

A
  • Carl G. Jung 1875-1961
  • what comes to your mind when you hear the word…?
    … to die?
  • interest in the unconscious, like his teacher Freud
    for him: mental problems are pathological ways of seeking personal and spiritual self-realization
21
Q

describe the Rorschach test (1921) and who made it?

A
  • Hermann Rorschach
  • What do you see in this picture?
22
Q

describe Thematic apperception test (TAT) and who made it?

A
  • Henry A. Murray and Christiana D. Morgan
  • 31 ambiguous images
    What happened for the situation to arise?
    What is happening at the moment?
    What do the protagonists feel and think?
    What was the outcome of the story?
23
Q

describe reliability and validity

A

reliable= results must be consistent
valid= results must satisfy objectives

24
Q

describe the self-report scales

A
  • from 1-5 (5 is the highest, how much it is accurate for the person)
  • example: my worries overwhelm me
25
Q

How to evaluate the reliability in a self-report test

A

Cronbach’s alpha/ coefficient alpha

26
Q

how are the “scales” of Cronbach’s alpha?

A

Rule of thumb: α must be > 0.70
0.9< a = excellent
0.8< a < 0.9= good
0.7 < a < 0.8= acceptable
0.6 < a <0.7= questionable
0.5 < a < 0.6= poor
a < 0.5= unacceptable

27
Q

what is a Professional basic plan?

A
  • To empathize with the people involved
  • to understand the demand and the underlying problem/s
  • to set a goal/s (sorted)
  • to draw a plan to achieve the goal
  • to evaluate if the goal has been achieved
28
Q

how many percentage of people with serious psychological disorders receive adequate care?

A

Only 50% of people with serious psychological disorders receive adequate care!

29
Q

what is best for generalized anxiety disorder?

A

meditation > placebo
progressive relaxation > meditation
cognitive therapy = progressive relaxation

30
Q

is is only drugs that have side-effects?

A

no also:
relaxation
cognitive therapy
systemic therapies

31
Q

Psychodynamic therapy

A

psychoanalysis: Sigmund Freud
analytical psychology: Carl Jung
Individual psychology: Alfred Adler

32
Q

Humanistic therapy

A

Gestalt psychology: Fritz Perls
Client centered therapy: Carl Rogers

33
Q

Behavior Therapy

A

Mary Jones
Joseph Wolpe

34
Q

Cognitive therapy

A

Aaron Beck
Albert Ellis

35
Q

Systemic therapy

A

Family therapy: Virginia Salir
structural family therapy: Salvador Minuchin
Strategic therapy: Jay Haley

36
Q

Third generation therapies

A
  • Dialectical behavior therapy
  • acceptance and commitment therapy
  • mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
  • evidence-based intervention