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Behavior Disorders > Personality Disorders > Flashcards

Personality Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Personality

A

-Regularities and consistencies in behavior, thinking, perceiving, and feeling
-Stable across situation and time
-Integrated and cohesive

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2
Q

Criterion A

A

-An enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture
-This pattern is manifested in two (or more) ways in various criteria (cognition, affectivity, interpersonal functioning, and impulse control)

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3
Q

What areas are potentially affected by general personality disorder?

A
  1. Cognition
  2. Affectivity
  3. Interpersonal functioning
  4. Impulse control
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4
Q

Cognition

A

ways of perceiving and interpreting self, other people, and events

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5
Q

Affectivity

A

the range, intensity, lability, and appropriateness of emotional response

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6
Q

Criterion B

A

The enduring pattern is inflexible and pervasive across a broad range of personal and social situations

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7
Q

Criterion C

A

The enduring pattern leads to clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning

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8
Q

Criterion D

A

The pattern is stable and of long duration, and its onset can be traced back at least to adolescents or early childhood

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9
Q

Cluster A: Odd Eccentric

A

-Behaviors similar to Schizophrenia (Flat affect, odd thought or speech patterns)
-Differ in their grasp on reality (Symptoms do not reach the severity seen in Schizophrenia)
-comprises of 3 disorders

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10
Q

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

A

-Symptoms of Schizophrenia that are not severe enough to warrant a diagnosis of Schizophrenia
-Mild perceptual and cognitive distortions (Odd beliefs and Unusual perceptual experiences)
-Odd/Eccentric behaviors: Odd speech patterns
-Discomfort with and deficits in interpersonal relations (Wants close relationships but often avoids them)
-can be relatively high functioning within society
-social isolation

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11
Q

Three disorders under Cluster A: Odd-Eccentric

A
  1. Paranoid Personality Disorder
  2. Schizotypal Personality Disorder
  3. Schizoid Personality Disorder
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12
Q

Paranoid Personality Disorder

A

-paranoia is a broader phenomenon we see outside of schizophrenia
-do not have the range of schizophrenic symptoms, focused on paranoia
-have a tight grasp of reality
-paranoid person that is not psychotic
-individuals that have a bad time throughout their life with interpersonal relationships (paranoia about other people in their life)
-ex. individual that was convinced that their partner was cheating on them

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13
Q

Schizoid Personality Disorder

A

-fairly rare, very debilitating
-cannot function independently
-tend to prefer to be isolated, not very social
-prefer very boring activities

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14
Q

Cluster B: Dramatic-Emotional

A

-Manipulative and potentially uncaring (Show little regard for others and potentially their own safety)
-Emotional Dysregulation (Can demonstrate highly erratic emotional responses)
-Inappropriately sexual and seductive behavior: Extreme focus on appearance

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15
Q

Histrionic Personality Disorder

A

-part of cluster B
-Exaggerated emotionality that lacks depth: Emotions are shallow and shift rapidly
-Discomfort when not the center of attention: Constantly seeks reassurance, approval, and praise
-Inappropriately sexual and seductive behavior: Extreme focus on appearance
-a wide range of affect from extreme happiness to utter devastation, but on the inside, they’re fine
-good at forming relationships, but not keeping them (move from group to group)

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16
Q

Histrionic Personality Disorder: Core Beliefs

A
  1. Self: If I can’t entertain people they will abandon me
  2. Other: If other people don’t respond to me they are rotten
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17
Q

Histrionic Personality Disorder: Learning History

A

Selective interpersonal reinforcement by family and peer relationships leads to excessive attention-seeking behaviors

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18
Q

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A

-Cluster B (dramatic-emotional)
-characterized by a disregard for and violation of the rights of others

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19
Q

Characteristics of antisocial personality disorder

A

-Failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behavior
-Deceitfulness
-Impulsivity or failure to plan ahead
-Irritability and aggressiveness
-Reckless disregard for safety of others
-Consistent irresponsibility
-Lack of remorse for behaviors

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20
Q

Early history of psychopathy (ASPD)

A

described as having moral insanity
-but they were not psychotically deranged
-they had no deficit in reasoning abilities
-“Constitutionally deficient in moral faculties”

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21
Q

DSM-III (ASPD)

A

-Diagnosis focused on antisocial behaviors and social deviance (acts of aggression)
-Critiqued for de-emphasis on trait and personality characteristics

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22
Q

Psychopath in the DSM III

A

term similar to ASPD, but includes:
-grandiosity, arrogance, superficiality
-an inability to form emotional bonds
-a lack of anxiety

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23
Q

Prevalence of ASPD

A

Overrepresented in criminal and substance abuse settings:
-76% of prisoners diagnosed with ASPD

Community Samples:
-8% of men
-3% of women

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24
Q

Genetic Contributions of ASPD

A

Twin Studies:
-29% concordance for ASPD
-Individuals were more likely to behave like biological parents; not adoptive parents

25
Q

Heritability of personality traits

A

-Psychopathic deviate scale: Assesses family discord, authority conflict, social alienation, low social anxiety (heritability = 0.61)
-Mania scale: Amorality, social confidence and imperturbability, ego inflation (grandiosity) (Heritability = .55)

26
Q

Parenting styles contributing to ASPD

A

-Passive or neglectful parenting attitudes
-Overly harsh parenting styles

27
Q

Passive or neglectful parenting attitudes

A

-No demands for responsible and non-aggressive behaviors
-Children who receive little response-contingent attention for (+) behaviors might engage in (-) behavior for attention

28
Q

Harsh parenting styles

A

Use of aggression for discipline
-Modeling conflict and problem-solving
-Develop hostile information processing style in social interaction

29
Q

Deficits in acquiring learned responses - ASPD

A

Incapable of profiting from reward/punishment:
-Psychopaths performed as well as controls when incorrect responses resulted in loss of cigarettes or money
-Not responsive to shocks or positive or negative social comments

30
Q

Deficits in acquiring fear responses - ASPD

A

Psychopaths slow to develop conditioned response to fear
-Inclined to ignore painful shocks that controls learned to avoid
-Less influenced by fear reaction (Behaviors unfettered by psychological deterrents such as anxiety and fears of consequences)

31
Q

Chronic low levels of arousal - ASPD

A

Aversive physiological state resulting from a lack of novel/rewarding stimuli
-Lower baseline levels of arousal and rapid adaptation to novel stimuli
1. ASDP individuals spend less time attending to boring material
2. Higher initial attention to novel stimuli, rapid habituation

-Need to increase arousal levels, ASPD individuals will engage in higher-risk sensation-seeking behaviors

32
Q

History of narcissism

A

-Narcissism is both old both as an idea and a formal psychological construct
-Greek myth of Narcissus
-Introduced into psychological literature by early psychoanalytic theorists and extended in the 1960s to object relations theory
-Was added as a formal diagnosis in the DSM-III
-Has since received wide-ranging interest across several scientific disciplines from clinical/psychiatric researchers to social, personality, and organization psychology

33
Q

Borderline Personality Disorder is characterized by

A

Instability in emotion, cognition, behavior, sense of self, and interpersonal relationships
-Efforts to change the name to “unstable personality disorder” and described as “emotionally unstable disorder” in the ICD-10.

Profound fears of abandonment (real or imagined) and desperate bids to avoid abandonment

34
Q

Borderline Personality Disorder: Early Learning Factors

A

-Early lives also involve significantly more maternal and paternal absences, more discord between parents, more experiences of being raised by other relatives or in foster homes, and more physical violence in the family

-BPD patients are at a higher likelihood of having experienced early trauma in the form of physical abuse, sexual abuse, or neglect

-A common theme across theoretical models of borderline personality disorder is an invalidating early attachment environment (Parental responses to the child’s inner experiences are met with inappropriate or erratic responses from parents and caregivers)

-Instability in self-concept (Good and bad object relations/ memories)

35
Q

Borderline Personality Disorder: Biological Factors

A

-In a twin sample, found a concordance rate of 75% in monozygotic (MZ) twins compared with a concordance rate of 35% for dizygotic (DZ) twins

36
Q

Borderline Personality Disorder: What is inherited?

A

-Much like other personality disorders, it is more likely that certain predisposing traits are inherited as opposed to symptoms of the disorder
-E.g., rates of anxiety and mood disorders, impulse control problems, ASPD, affective instability, and cognitive dysregulation found in relatives of those with BPD

37
Q

Cluster C: Anxious-Fearful

A

Extreme concern of criticism and abandonment that leads to impaired relationships

-Avoidant Personality Disorder
-Dependent Personality Disorder

38
Q

Avoidant Personality Disorder

A

-Feelings of extreme social inhibition, inadequacy, and sensitivity to negative criticism and rejection
-Avoidance of activities of daily living (e.g., work) involving people for fear of criticism or rejection
-Low-self esteem and social isolation

39
Q

Dependent Personality Disorder

A

-Feelings of helplessness, submissiveness, dependence, reassurance seeking
-Difficulty making independent decisions
-Avoidance of adult activities and tolerance of abuse and maltreatment

40
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

A

-A pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control, at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by four or more of the following:
1. Preoccupied with details, rules, lists, order, organization, or schedules to the extent that the major point of the activity is lost
2. Shows perfectionism that interferes with task completion (e.g. is unable to complete a project b/c his or her own overly strict standards are not met)
3. Is excessively devoted to work and productivity to the exclusion of leisure activities and friendships (not accounted for by obvious economic necessity)
4. Is over-conscientious, scrupulous, and inflexible about matters of morality, ethics, or values (not accounted for by cultural or religious identification)
5. Is unable to discard worn-out clothes or worthless objects even when they have no sentimental value
6. Is reluctant to delegate tasks or to work with others unless they submit to exactly his or her way of doing things
7. Adopts a miserly spending style toward both self and others; money is viewed as something to be hoarded for future catastrophes.
8. Shows rigidity and stubbornness

41
Q

How is narcissism assessed?

A

quite diverse, narcissism is inconsistently defined and assessed

42
Q

This diversity in operationalizing narcissism filters in to our empirical understand of it

A

e.g., Reports from clinicians working with pathological narcissism are at odds with prevalence rates in epidemiological studies (0.0% to 5.7%, median <1.0%)

43
Q

Tower of Babel

A

-Clinical and social/personality psychologists differ in how they conceptualize and measure narcissism
-Ultimately, there is no one gold standard definition or theoretical model of narcissism

44
Q

Healthy Narcissism

A

-Consensus that there exist both healthy expressions and maladaptive forms of narcissism
-Narcissism can be conceptualized as one’s capacity to maintain a relatively positive self-image through a variety of self-, affect-, and field regulatory processes, and it underlies individuals’ needs for validation and affirmation as well as the motivation to overtly and covertly seek out self-enhancement experiences from the social environment

45
Q

Narcissism contributes to well-being by increasing an individual’s sense of personal agency

A

-Asserting interpersonal dominance
-Fueling approach and achievement motives (e.g., competition, mastery, lowering avoidance)

46
Q

High scores on the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI)

A

-Negative associations with trait neuroticism and depression
-Positive associations with achievement motivation and self-esteem

47
Q

Analyzing measures of narcissistic emotions, attitudes, and behaviors consistently highlights an adaptive subtype of narcissistic personality

A

-Autonomy Subtype
-High-functioning/exhibitionistic

48
Q

Autonomy Subtype

A

-Correlated with self-ratings and partner-ratings of creativity, empathy, achievement orientation, and individualism.
-Prototype generally associated with positive trajectories in longitudinal studies

49
Q

High-Functioning/Exhibitionistic

A

-Exaggerated sense of self-importance
-Outgoing, articulate, and energetic
-Show “good adaptive functioning and use their narcissism as a motivation to succeed”

50
Q

There two main dimensions of pathological narcissism

A
  1. Grandiose Narcissism
  2. Vulnerable Narcissism
51
Q

The broad concept of narcissism is most often associated with

A

arrogant, conceited, and domineering attitudes and behaviors

52
Q

Grandiose Nacissism: Internal manifestations

A

-Repressing negative aspects of self
-Distorting disconfirming external information (Can lead to entitled attitudes and an inflated self-image without requisite accomplishments and skills)
-Engaging in regulatory fantasies of unlimited power, superiority, perfection, and adulation

53
Q

Grandiose/Malignant subtype is characterized by

A

-Seething anger
-Manipulativeness
-Pursuit of interpersonal power and control
-Lack of remorse
-Exaggerated self-importance
-Feelings of privilege
-Externalize negative life events
-Have little insight into their behavior

54
Q

DSM-V criteria for _____ is most closely aligned with grandiose narcissism

A

NPD

55
Q

Fragile/hypersensitive subtype (vulnerable narcissism) is characterized by

A

-An inability to consistently maintain a grandiose sense of self
-Prone to narcissistic injury
-Emotional states characterized by shame, anxiety, depression, and feelings of inadequacy

56
Q

Grandiose vs Vulnerable Narcissism

A

-Grandiose self-states oscillate or co-occur with vulnerable self-states and affective dysregulation
-Grandiosity can’t be maintained: (“One is more and more vulnerable to shame, panic, helplessness, or depression as life progresses without support from admiring others”)
-Vulnerable and grandiose states associate with different behaviors (Treatment utilization)

57
Q

Genetic factors - NPD

A

-Heritability estimates range widely from .37 to .77
-Heritability estimates depend on the specific traits under investigation (Grandiosity/entitlement - .23/.35 & Communal narcissism - .42)
-Different variations of narcissism differ substantially in their genetic (as well as environmental) determinants

58
Q

Developmental & Learning History - NPD

A

Overvaluation by parents not balanced w/ realistic feedback
-Child fails to develop adaptive means to handle “narcissistic injuries”

Lack of valuation and idealization by parents
-Individual fails to perceive that they have value and can obtain love for their own sake

59
Q

Examples of Cluster B Disorders

A
  1. Histrionic Personality Disorder
  2. Antisocial Personality Disorder
  3. Narcissistic Personality Disorder
  4. Borderline Personality Disorder

Behavior Disorders (3 decks)

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