Personality CH 15 Flashcards
Blank is a relatively stable behavioral predisposition and is a key concept in personality.
Trait
Blank refers to a person’s general style of interacting with the world, especially with other people.
personality
The goal of blank of personality is to specify a manageable set of distinct personality dimensions that can be used to summarize the fundamental psychological differences among individuals.
trait theory
in order to distill all the trait terms of everyday language down to a manageable number of meaningful, different dimensions of personality, trait theorists use a statistical technique called blank.
factor analysis
Blank developed the 16 source traits or personality factors via lexical hypothesis (18,000 to 4,500 to 170 clusters and then factor analysis)
Cattell
The most widely accepted trait theory today posits five major traits which are blank, each with six subordinate traits called blank
neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience (.45), agreeableness (.39) and conscientiousness (.40).
facets
Questionnaires designed to measure individuals on the big five traits or other traits all require blank and blank from the respondent to yield accurate results.
honesty and insight
all of the big five traits have been shown to predict behavior at blank levels, which helps to establish the validity of the personality measures
better than chance
studies show that adult personality is relatively blank and becomes more so with blank. correlation coefficients for repeated tests, even many years apart, range from .50 to .70.
stable
age
an individuals personality can change to some extent in any direction at any age in response to blank
life changes
studies comparing pairs of identical and fraternal twins yield heritability estimates for personality averaging about blank
.50
vulnerability to emotional upset; the heritability rating is .41
neuroticism
tendency to be socially outgoing; the heritability rating is .49
extraversion
blank does change, however. Increased blank typically accompanied by increased conscientiousness and agreeableness and decreased neurotisism and opnness to experience.
personality
age
just as diversified investments help protect one’s financial future in a world of unpredictable change, diverse personalities may protect one’s blank investment
genetic
fish can be blank or blank; each tendency has benefits and risks. such variation is affected by the environment
bold
cautious
human variations in the big five traits can, likewise, be viewed as alternative strategies for blank and blank.
survival
reproduction
siblings raised together may experience quite different blank, for reasons that include chance events, consequences of their own choices and differences in how they interpret the same occurences
environments
the tendency to exaggerate differences between siblings (blank) and the tendency for siblings to identify with different parents (blank) may reduce sibling rivalry and diversify parental investment
sibling contrast
split-parent identification
on average women score slightly to moderately higher than men on blank
agreeableness, neuroticism and conscientiousness
apparently because of cultural pressures, some personality characteristics that run counter to gender stereotypes correlate with blank. for example, shy young men are generally less blank than shy young women.
unhappiness
happy
both blank and blank forces may help to account for gender differences in personality. there is evidence that these differences are greater in modern Western cultures than in more traditional ones.
evolutionary
cultural
people have an blank or blank depending on wether they do or do not believe that rewards are controlled by their own efforts
internal or external locus of control
people have a blank or blank depending on whether they do or do not beleive they can accomplish the relevant tasks.
high or low self efficacy
people vary in degree to which they see themselves as fixed entities or blank
malleable
people with a internal locus of control, high self efficacy and malleable self view tend to apply themselves more and and to be more blank
successful
in general, people with blank styles of thought cope better than others with life’s demands. however, blank optimism can cause harm, and some people use pessimism adaptively.
optimistic
defensive
locus of control and self efficacy beliefs can be blank, blank or blank. domain specific measures of these beliefs have the greates predictive value
general;
applying to many tasks;
domain specific, applying to particual types of tasks
social-cognitive theorists have also shown that traits such as conscientousness and agressiveness can vary across contexts, with the pattern of variation depending on the individual. they contend that blank measures of traits have more predictive value than do global trait measures.
situation specific
in blank cultures (East Asia, Africa, South America), most people have blank personality styles, which focus on interdependence; in individualist cultures (North America, Australia, Western Europe), most have individualist personality styles, which focus more on individuality and independence
collectivist
collectivist
in non-western cultures, the traits that are most useful in characterizing personality may blank fully match the blank model.
not
five factor model
blank theorists stress the roles of beliefs and social contexts in personality.
social-cognitive
psychodynamic and humanistic personality theories focus on blank.
mental processes
Blank, whose psychoanalytic views originated this perspective, believed that the real causes of behavior lie in the unconscious mind, with sexual and aggressive motives being especially important
Freud
Other psychodynamic theorists emphasied unconscious effects of other drives. Horney emphasized drive for blank and Adler emphasized drive for blank.
security
competence
blank mechanisms serve to reduce conscious awareness of unacceptable or emotionally threatening thoughts, wishes and feelings.
defense
people classified as blank routinely blank disturbing emotional feelings.though they consciously experience little anxiety, their bodies react strongly to stressful situations. This may help them cope cognitively in times of stress.
repressors
repress
in a longitudinal study of men, Vaillant found that defensive styles that involved less distortion of reality and led to effective behavior were correlated with greater blank in all areas of life
success
blank occurs when an unconscious wish or drive that would be unacceptable to the conscious mind is redirected toward a more acceptable alternative
displacement
when displacement directs one’s energies toward activities that are particularly valued in society we call this blank
sublimation
blank is the conversion of a frightening wish into its safter opposite.
reaction formation
blank occurs when a person coonsciously experiences an unconscious drive or wish as though it were someone else’s
projection
blank is the use of conscious reasoning to explain away anxiety provoking thoughts or feelings
rationalization
humanistic theories emphasize blank reality (the self and world as perceived by the individual)
phenomenological
blank proposed that individuals must move past social demands and judgements and make their own choices to become their real selves. self-determination does correlate with greater life satisfaction.
rogers
in blank’s hierarchy of needs, self-actualization (becoming one’s self, living one’s dream) is addressed only when more basic needs are adequately met.
maslow’s
in the blank approach to personality, a person’s self told story serves as a personal myth providing meaning and direction (why you are who you are now) like a biography
integrated life story (level 3)
Personality psychology blank meaningful individual differences in throughts, feelings, and behaviors
describes
personality psychology blank the processes that influence these individual differences.
explain/identify
level of personality that is contextualized and controlled characteristics, values, goals, attachment styles, personal and moral strivings, domain specific skills and talents; changeable
Characteristic adaptations (level 2)
level of personality that is global, discontextualized traits that can be measured w/little regard for what is happening in a person’s life; very stable
Dispositional traits (level 1)
dispositional traits are (5):
inferential, dispositional, consistent, stable and dimensional
personality traits interact to influence blank and blank.
emotion and behavior
two of the big five personality traits are good indicators of people. they are blank and blank.
neuroticism and extraversion
what things may lead to people being different in terms of the big five?
biological differences, genetic differences, environmental differences (socio-cultural and pysiochemical)
blank has a very small effect on siblings personality; it’s mostly genetic.
household
individuals exposed to the same environment, experiences, interpret and react to it in different ways is what personality-enviroment interaction
reactive interaction
each individuals personality leads him/her to seek out some situations and avoid others is what personality-enviroment interaction
proactive interaction
every individuals personality evokes distinctive responses from others is what personality-enviroment interaction
evocative interaction
