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Psychology Final Exam > Personality CH 15 > Flashcards

Personality CH 15 Flashcards

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1
Q

Blank is a relatively stable behavioral predisposition and is a key concept in personality.

A

Trait

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2
Q

Blank refers to a person’s general style of interacting with the world, especially with other people.

A

personality

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3
Q

The goal of blank of personality is to specify a manageable set of distinct personality dimensions that can be used to summarize the fundamental psychological differences among individuals.

A

trait theory

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4
Q

in order to distill all the trait terms of everyday language down to a manageable number of meaningful, different dimensions of personality, trait theorists use a statistical technique called blank.

A

factor analysis

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5
Q

Blank developed the 16 source traits or personality factors via lexical hypothesis (18,000 to 4,500 to 170 clusters and then factor analysis)

A

Cattell

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6
Q

The most widely accepted trait theory today posits five major traits which are blank, each with six subordinate traits called blank

A

neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience (.45), agreeableness (.39) and conscientiousness (.40).
facets

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7
Q

Questionnaires designed to measure individuals on the big five traits or other traits all require blank and blank from the respondent to yield accurate results.

A

honesty and insight

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8
Q

all of the big five traits have been shown to predict behavior at blank levels, which helps to establish the validity of the personality measures

A

better than chance

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9
Q

studies show that adult personality is relatively blank and becomes more so with blank. correlation coefficients for repeated tests, even many years apart, range from .50 to .70.

A

stable

age

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10
Q

an individuals personality can change to some extent in any direction at any age in response to blank

A

life changes

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11
Q

studies comparing pairs of identical and fraternal twins yield heritability estimates for personality averaging about blank

A

.50

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12
Q

vulnerability to emotional upset; the heritability rating is .41

A

neuroticism

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13
Q

tendency to be socially outgoing; the heritability rating is .49

A

extraversion

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14
Q

blank does change, however. Increased blank typically accompanied by increased conscientiousness and agreeableness and decreased neurotisism and opnness to experience.

A

personality

age

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15
Q

just as diversified investments help protect one’s financial future in a world of unpredictable change, diverse personalities may protect one’s blank investment

A

genetic

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16
Q

fish can be blank or blank; each tendency has benefits and risks. such variation is affected by the environment

A

bold

cautious

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17
Q

human variations in the big five traits can, likewise, be viewed as alternative strategies for blank and blank.

A

survival

reproduction

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18
Q

siblings raised together may experience quite different blank, for reasons that include chance events, consequences of their own choices and differences in how they interpret the same occurences

A

environments

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19
Q

the tendency to exaggerate differences between siblings (blank) and the tendency for siblings to identify with different parents (blank) may reduce sibling rivalry and diversify parental investment

A

sibling contrast

split-parent identification

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20
Q

on average women score slightly to moderately higher than men on blank

A

agreeableness, neuroticism and conscientiousness

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21
Q

apparently because of cultural pressures, some personality characteristics that run counter to gender stereotypes correlate with blank. for example, shy young men are generally less blank than shy young women.

A

unhappiness

happy

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22
Q

both blank and blank forces may help to account for gender differences in personality. there is evidence that these differences are greater in modern Western cultures than in more traditional ones.

A

evolutionary

cultural

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23
Q

people have an blank or blank depending on wether they do or do not believe that rewards are controlled by their own efforts

A

internal or external locus of control

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24
Q

people have a blank or blank depending on whether they do or do not beleive they can accomplish the relevant tasks.

A

high or low self efficacy

25
Q

people vary in degree to which they see themselves as fixed entities or blank

A

malleable

26
Q

people with a internal locus of control, high self efficacy and malleable self view tend to apply themselves more and and to be more blank

A

successful

27
Q

in general, people with blank styles of thought cope better than others with life’s demands. however, blank optimism can cause harm, and some people use pessimism adaptively.

A

optimistic

defensive

28
Q

locus of control and self efficacy beliefs can be blank, blank or blank. domain specific measures of these beliefs have the greates predictive value

A

general;
applying to many tasks;
domain specific, applying to particual types of tasks

29
Q

social-cognitive theorists have also shown that traits such as conscientousness and agressiveness can vary across contexts, with the pattern of variation depending on the individual. they contend that blank measures of traits have more predictive value than do global trait measures.

A

situation specific

30
Q

in blank cultures (East Asia, Africa, South America), most people have blank personality styles, which focus on interdependence; in individualist cultures (North America, Australia, Western Europe), most have individualist personality styles, which focus more on individuality and independence

A

collectivist

collectivist

31
Q

in non-western cultures, the traits that are most useful in characterizing personality may blank fully match the blank model.

A

not

five factor model

32
Q

blank theorists stress the roles of beliefs and social contexts in personality.

A

social-cognitive

33
Q

psychodynamic and humanistic personality theories focus on blank.

A

mental processes

34
Q

Blank, whose psychoanalytic views originated this perspective, believed that the real causes of behavior lie in the unconscious mind, with sexual and aggressive motives being especially important

A

Freud

35
Q

Other psychodynamic theorists emphasied unconscious effects of other drives. Horney emphasized drive for blank and Adler emphasized drive for blank.

A

security

competence

36
Q

blank mechanisms serve to reduce conscious awareness of unacceptable or emotionally threatening thoughts, wishes and feelings.

A

defense

37
Q

people classified as blank routinely blank disturbing emotional feelings.though they consciously experience little anxiety, their bodies react strongly to stressful situations. This may help them cope cognitively in times of stress.

A

repressors

repress

38
Q

in a longitudinal study of men, Vaillant found that defensive styles that involved less distortion of reality and led to effective behavior were correlated with greater blank in all areas of life

A

success

39
Q

blank occurs when an unconscious wish or drive that would be unacceptable to the conscious mind is redirected toward a more acceptable alternative

A

displacement

40
Q

when displacement directs one’s energies toward activities that are particularly valued in society we call this blank

A

sublimation

41
Q

blank is the conversion of a frightening wish into its safter opposite.

A

reaction formation

42
Q

blank occurs when a person coonsciously experiences an unconscious drive or wish as though it were someone else’s

A

projection

43
Q

blank is the use of conscious reasoning to explain away anxiety provoking thoughts or feelings

A

rationalization

44
Q

humanistic theories emphasize blank reality (the self and world as perceived by the individual)

A

phenomenological

45
Q

blank proposed that individuals must move past social demands and judgements and make their own choices to become their real selves. self-determination does correlate with greater life satisfaction.

A

rogers

46
Q

in blank’s hierarchy of needs, self-actualization (becoming one’s self, living one’s dream) is addressed only when more basic needs are adequately met.

A

maslow’s

47
Q

in the blank approach to personality, a person’s self told story serves as a personal myth providing meaning and direction (why you are who you are now) like a biography

A

integrated life story (level 3)

48
Q

Personality psychology blank meaningful individual differences in throughts, feelings, and behaviors

A

describes

49
Q

personality psychology blank the processes that influence these individual differences.

A

explain/identify

50
Q

level of personality that is contextualized and controlled characteristics, values, goals, attachment styles, personal and moral strivings, domain specific skills and talents; changeable

A

Characteristic adaptations (level 2)

51
Q

level of personality that is global, discontextualized traits that can be measured w/little regard for what is happening in a person’s life; very stable

A

Dispositional traits (level 1)

52
Q

dispositional traits are (5):

A

inferential, dispositional, consistent, stable and dimensional

53
Q

personality traits interact to influence blank and blank.

A

emotion and behavior

54
Q

two of the big five personality traits are good indicators of people. they are blank and blank.

A

neuroticism and extraversion

55
Q

what things may lead to people being different in terms of the big five?

A

biological differences, genetic differences, environmental differences (socio-cultural and pysiochemical)

56
Q

blank has a very small effect on siblings personality; it’s mostly genetic.

A

household

57
Q

individuals exposed to the same environment, experiences, interpret and react to it in different ways is what personality-enviroment interaction

A

reactive interaction

58
Q

each individuals personality leads him/her to seek out some situations and avoid others is what personality-enviroment interaction

A

proactive interaction

59
Q

every individuals personality evokes distinctive responses from others is what personality-enviroment interaction

A

evocative interaction

Psychology Final Exam (4 decks)

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