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Sport psychology > Personality and sport (chapter 2) > Flashcards

Personality and sport (chapter 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

Define personality

A

The characteristics or blend of characteristics that make a person unique

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2
Q

What is the structure of personality?

A
  • Psychological core
  • Typical response
  • Role-related behavior
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3
Q

What is your psychological core?

A

The most basic level of your personality.

Includes your attitudes and values, interests and motives and beliefs about yourself and your self worth.

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4
Q

What is your typical-response?

A

Typical response is the way we learn to adjust to the environment or how we usually respond to the world around us. (can be affected by the environment)

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5
Q

What is your role-related behavior?

A

How you act based on what you perceive your social situation to be. (most changeable)

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6
Q

What are the approaches to understanding personality?

A
  • Psychodynamic approach
  • Trait approach
  • Situational approach
  • Interactional approach
  • Phenomenological approach
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7
Q

What is the psychodynamic approach?

A

• Behavior is determined by several unconscious,
constantly changing factors. (Instinctive drives (ID), superego and ego)
• Emphasis is placed on understanding the person as a whole rather than identifying isolated traits.

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8
Q

What are some of the weaknesses of the psychodynamic approach?

A

Difficult to test it.

Focuses almost entirely on internal determinants of behavior and gives little attention to the social enviroment

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9
Q

What is a key contribution of the psychodynamic approach?

A

Is the recognition that not all behaviors of an exerciser or athlete are under conscious control

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10
Q

What is the trait approach?

A
  • Behavior is determined by relative stable traits that are fundamental unit of personality.
  • These trait predispose one to act in a certain way, regardless of the situation.
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11
Q

According to the trait theory will a competitive athlete be competitive at everything?

A

No, they are predisposed to be competitive therefore they are likely to but not certain.

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12
Q

What is the big 5 model?

A

The most important psychological traits

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13
Q

What are the traits on the big 5?

A 
Neuroticism vs stability
Extroversion vs introvesion
Openness to experience
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
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14
Q

What are some of the finding from the big 5 model?

A

Athletes have score higher on extroversion than non athletes.
Athletes who play high risk or team sports have higher extroversion and lower conscientiousness than athletes who play individual sport and low risk sports

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15
Q

What is the situational approach?

A
  • Behavior is determined largely bu the situation or environment.
  • The situation is more important determinant of behavior than particular personality traits.
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16
Q

How does the situational approach explain behavior?

A

Through observational learning (modeling) and social reinforcement (feedback).

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17
Q

What is the interactional approach?

A

Behavior is determined by both the person and the situational factors as well as by their interaction (trait and situational)
- Personal traits and situational factors can independently determine behavior, at times the mix with each other in a unique way to determine behavior.

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18
Q

What personality approach do the vast majority of contemporary sport psychologists favor?

A

Interactional approach

19
Q

What is the phenomenological approach?

A
  • Behavior is best determined by looking at a the situation and a persons characteristics.
  • They believe that the primary determinant for behavior is by accounting for situations and personal characteristics
  • study of subjective experiences
  • A persons understanding and interpretation of one’s self and environment are critical.
20
Q

From internally determined to enviromentally determined, order the personality approach’s

A 
Psychodynamic
Trait
Interactional
Phenomenological
Situation
21
Q

What is the current impact of the psychodynamic approach?

A

Has little influence and hasn’t been adopted by most contemporary
sport psychologists.

22
Q

What is the weakness of the psychodynamic approach?

A

Focuses almost entirely on
internal determinants of behavior, giving
little attention to the social environment.

23
Q

What is the contribution of the psychodynamic approach?

A

: Has increased awareness that unconscious determinants of behavior exist.

24
Q

What is the current impact of the trait approach?

A

Has very little influence

25
Q

What is the weakness of the trait approach?

A

Knowing traits will not always
help predict behavior in particular
situations.

26
Q

What is the contribution of the trait approach?

A

Emphasizes the importance of traits and the measurement of such dispositions.

27
Q

What is the current impact of the situational approach?

A

Has little influence.

28
Q

What is the weakness of the situational approach?

A

Situation will not always

influence individual behavior.

29
Q

What is the contribution of the situational approach?

A

Emphasizes the importance of

the situation.

30
Q

What is the current impact of the Interactional approach?

A

Has considerable influence
and has been adopted by most
contemporary sport psychologists

31
Q

What is the weakness of the Interactional approach?

A

None.

32
Q

What is the contribution of the Interactional approach?

A

Emphasizes the consideration
of both trait and situational variables and
their interaction.

33
Q

What is the current impact of the Phenomenological approach?

A

Has considerable influence
and has been adopted by many
contemporary sport psychologists.

34
Q

What is the weakness of the Phenomenological approach?

A

None.

35
Q

What is the contribution of the Phenomenological approach?

A 
Emphasizes the contribution
of a person’s interpretation of one’s self and
environment while considering both trait
and situational variables and their
interaction.
36
Q

Findings in personality research

A

-Some relationship exists between
personality traits and states and sport
performance, but it is far from perfect or
precise.
-No single definitive personality profile has
been found that consistently distinguishes
athletes from non athletes.
-Few personality differences are evident
between male and female athletes,
particularly at the elite level.
-Morgan’s (1980) mental health model shows
that successful athletes exhibit greater
positive mental health than do less
successful athletes. However, precise
predictions have not been achieved and
should not be used for team selection
-Type A behavior patterns (particularly the
anger–hostility component) are associated
with cardiovascular disease and appear to
be altered via exercise.
- Exercise and increased fitness appear to be
associated with increases in self-esteem
especially in individuals with low self esteem.

37
Q

Measuring personality: traits and states

A

Measure both traits and states
-A trait is a typical style of behavior.
-state is the situation effect on behavior- a ‘right now’ feeling that can change form moment to moment.
-

38
Q

What is meant by adaptive perfectionism?

A

A focus on high standards but not excessively worrying about making mistakes or about how others evaluate one’s performance

39
Q

What us meant by ‘situation-specific measures’?

A

They predict behavior more reliably for given situations because they consider both personality of the participant and the specific situation (interactional approach)

40
Q

What is meant by ‘intraindividual approach’?

A

Looking at how the athlete is feeling relative to how they usually feel.

41
Q

What is meant by ‘projective tests’?

A

A method to measure an athletes more subconscious and deeper aspects of their personality. They usually include pictures or written situations and the test takers are asked to project their feeling and thoughts about these materials.

42
Q

What is meant by the ‘mental health model’?

A

The model was reported to be effective in predicting athletic success. The model suggests that positive mental health as assessed by a certain pattern of POMS (profile of mood states) score is directly related to athletic success and high levels of performance.

43
Q

What is meant by the iceberg profile?

A

The profile shows that vigor above the mean population but tension, depression, anger, fatigue and confusion below the mean population.

Sport psychology (6 decks)

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