Personality and motivation.

Question 1

What is a biological theory?

Answer 1

Emphasis is on the person

• Links personality with biological processes
• Emphasizes the person; mind-body connection
• E.g., William Sheldon’s Constitutional Theory (1940s)
  
  • Certain somatotypes predispose individuals toward behavioral consistency.

Question 2

What is a trait theory?

Answer 2

Emphasis is on the person.
The Big Five (1990s)
- Openness to experience = being curious and open-minded; imaginative and creative
- Conscientiousness = being determined, strong-willed, self-disciplined
- Extraversion = having an energetic approach to the world; talkative and affectionate
- Agreeableness = compliance; positive approach toward others; trusting
- Neuroticism = feelings of tension, worry, and nervousness

Question 3

What are Interactionist theories?

Answer 3

Emphasis is on the interaction between the person and environment.

Question 4

What is Ectomorph?

Answer 4

• linear
• tall
• lean

Question 5

What is Endomorph?

Answer 5

• plumpness

- roundess

Question 6

What is Mesomorph?

Answer 6

• inverted triangle shape

- athletic body

Question 7

What is Cerebrontonia?

Answer 7

personality (i.e., tense, introvert, inhibited, socially restrained)

Question 8

What is Viscerotonia?

Answer 8

personality (i.e., affectionate, sociable, relaxed, cheerful)

Question 9

What is Somatotonic?

Answer 9

personality (i.e., adventurous, risk-taking, aggressive, take charge)

Question 10

What is Pychoticism-superego?

Answer 10

Hormonal function (androgen, testosterone, low serotonin) leads to heightened aggressiveness, impersonal attitudes, and antisocial/inhibited behavior

Question 11

What is Extraversion-introversion?

Answer 11

Base level arousal in cortex dictates whether or not individuals avoid further stimulation (introverts) or seek out further stimulation (extraverts)

Question 12

What is Neuroticism-stability?

Answer 12

• Associated with limbic system and sympathetic nervous system
• High neurotic individuals (enduring negative emotional states) have longer-lasting autonomic reactions than low neurotic individuals

Question 13

What does risk taking and sensation seeking have to do with sport and exercise?

Answer 13

Associated with extraversion and conscientiousness

Question 14

What does competitiveness have to do with sport and exercise?

Answer 14

• Males usually higher than females

- Important for elite athletes

Question 15

What does perfectionism have to do with sport and exercise?

Answer 15

Adaptive (associated with conscientiousness) versus maladaptive

Question 16

What does mental toughness have to do with sport and exercise?

Answer 16

Associated with success

Question 17

What does exercise behavior have to do with sport and exercise?

Answer 17

Associated with extraversion and conscientiousness.