Personality and models of health behaviour Flashcards
What is personality?
An individual’s combination of consistent and unchanging traits that guide their behaviour, feelings, and thoughts.
What are the big 5 personality traits (brief description)?
- Extroversion (degree of outgoingness, how talkative/reserved)
- Openness (Accepting of new ideas vs preferring routine)
- Conscientiousness (self-regulation, reliability vs carelessness)
- Agreeableness (Cooperative vs antagonistic)
- Neuroticism (Emotional stability and negative affect)
Neuroticism and coping
People high on neuroticism tend to use more maladaptive coping strategies (withdrawal, avoidance))
Neuroticism and health
Those high in neuroticism may experience more perceived stress, have reduced social support, be less likely to engage in health behaviours, and be more likely to report health outcomes in negative ways.
Neuroticism and depression
3 possible models explain the relationship. Complication model suggest that depression may cause changes in personality traits overtime. Vulnerability model suggests that those high in neuroticism may be at enhanced risk of depression. Common cause model suggests another variable (genetics) may explain the relationship.
Conscientiousness and health
Conscientiousness is associated with reduced mortality in the Terman life-cycle cohort. Possibly due to enhanced coping abilities and better health behaviours.
Extraversion and Health
Generally associated with better well-being. Social support and health behaviours have been suggested as mechanisms but the evidence is weak.
PA and the big 5
PA has small reliable relationship with conscientiousness and extraversion, and a small negative relationship with neuroticism.
Trait boredom and health
Associated with poorer health.
4 types of health behaviour
Health enhancing (exercise, healthy eating) Health protecting (vaccination, screening) Health harming (Smoking, drinking) Sick role (Following prescription and proscriptions)
Why categorize behaviours?
Motivations, cognitions, and affect will be different for behaviours. Health protective may result from stress. Changing health harming behaviours may require significant motivation.
6 factors associated with health behaviours
- Accessibility of services
- Attitudes towards health care
- Perceptions of disease threat
- Knowledge about disease
- Social network
- Demographics
What is the role of theory?
Theory helps us plan, implement, and evaluate interventions. It allows us to consider why people may not engage in health behaviours, and what we can do to alter their behaviour.
Self-regulation
The process through which we examine our beliefs, self-monitor our behaviours, and set goals. Divided into motivational and volitional phases.
Social-cognitive models
Models of health behaviour that propose health behaviorus are influenced by a combo of our social/physical environment and our cognitions.
Summarize the health belief model
An old model. Behaviours are influenced by comparing threat (susceptibility and severity) and response effectiveness (costs and benefits of response). Health motivation and cues to action also influence.
Protection Motivation Theory
Developed from the HBM to understand the effects of fear appeals in changing behaviour.
What two constructs effect protection motivations?
Protection motivations are influenced by threat appraisals and coping appraisals.
What is included in threat and coping appraisals in the PMT?
Threat appraisals: - Extrinsic and intrinsic rewards - Perceived vulnerability - Perceived severity Coping appraisals - Response cost - Response efficacy - Self-efficacy
What influences threat and coping appraisals in PMT?
Demographics, fear appeals, sources of information, personality.
What is included in attitudes in the TPB?
Attitudes are your beliefs about the outcomes of the behaviour. Affective attitudes are on if you will enjoy it, and cognitive beliefs are if it will be beneficial.
What is included in subjective norms for the TPB?
Subjective norms relate to how other view the behaviour. Injunctive norms relate to how others perceive the behaviour, and descriptive norms relate to if other do the behaviour.
What is Perceived Behaviour Control in the TPB?
PBC relates to perceived confidence (self efficacy) and perceived control (barriers that are present).
What causes the intention behaviour gap?
- Long time between intention and behaviour
- Factors out of your control
- Changes in motivation
- Lack of a plan
Implementation intentions
Use of if…then… statements to link a cue to a goal-directed response.
What are the 4 sources of self-efficacy in the social-cognitive theory?
Mastery experiences, Vicarious experiences, Verbal persuasion, and perception of physiological/affective states.
Reciprocal determinism
The dynamic interactions of the environment, behaviour, and person that are affecting each other and constantly changing.
Behavioural capacity
A person’s capacity to perform a behaviour, determined by their knowledge of what to do and how to do it.
In general, for a behaviour to occur, a person must have…
Strong intention
The necessary skills
No barriers
