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HE ED 321 > Midterm 1 (stress) > Flashcards

Midterm 1 (stress) Flashcards

1
Q

The inner part of the adrenal gland is called the…

A

Adrenal medulla

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2
Q

The outer part of the adrenal gland is called the…

A

Adrenal cortex

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3
Q

The adrenal medulla secretes…

A

Noradrenaline and adrenaline

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4
Q

The adrenal cortex secretes…

A

Glucocorticoids, specifically cortisol

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5
Q

SAM is like a ___, HPA axis is like a ____

A

match, fire

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6
Q

Results of the SAM system include…

A 
Increases in:
Heart rate
Respiration
Perspiration
Muscular blood flow
Mental activity
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7
Q

The HPA axis results in the secretion of ___ from the adrenal cortex.

A

Cortisol (the stress hormone)

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8
Q

Cortisol’s effects include:

A

Increasing fat and protein mobilization in the blood (increasing access to energy stores), suppressing immune system response, and increasing blood pressure.

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9
Q

What afferent fibres are myelinated and carry sharp, brief pain?

A

A-delta fibres

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10
Q

What afferent fibres are unmyelinated and carry dull pain?

A

C-fibres

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11
Q

What physical factors open the gate in gate control theory?

A

Extent of injury, activity that aggravates injury.

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12
Q

What emotional factors open the gate in gate control theory?

A

Depression, anxiety, worry, tension

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13
Q

What mental factors open the gate in gate control theory?

A

Focus on the injury, boredom.

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14
Q

What physical factors close the gate in gate control theory?

A

Medication, heat, massage.

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15
Q

What emotional factors close the gate in gate control theory?

A

Positive emotions, relaxation, rest.

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16
Q

What mental factors close the gate in gate control theory?

A

Intense concentration, distraction, interest in life activities.

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17
Q

Stress ____ immune system function

A

decreases

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18
Q

The effects of stress on immune function is mostly demonstrated for which type of immunity?

A

Cell-mediated immunity

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19
Q

Cohen’s research focuses on?

A

Stress exposures influence on immune response when exposed to respiratory illness.

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20
Q

According to Cohen, stress is associated with:

A

Greater incidence of illness, more symptoms, a prolonged/inappropriate immune response, and an overactive immune system.

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21
Q

Indirect factors of stress that mediate the immune response are:

A

Smoking, PA, diet, sleep

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22
Q

The leader in stress response and wound healing is?

A

Kiecolt-Glaser

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23
Q

What did Kiecolt-Glaser demonstrate in regards to stress and wound healing?

A

Wounds heal slower when under greater stress.

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24
Q

Describe the engineering approach to stress.

A

The engineering approach to stress places stress as something that exists in the environment and causes strain or pressure. The greater the strain, the larger the stress response. States that non-pressure situations should not be stressful.

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25
Q

Describe the Response-based approach to stress.

A

Stress is a physiological response (increased HR, perspiration). Stress can be said to have occurred when these physiological responses are recorded.

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26
Q

what are the 3 steps in General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)?

A
  1. Alarm
  2. Resistance
  3. Exhaustion
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27
Q

What is the transactional approach to stress?

A

Stress is an interaction between an individual and their environment, in which the individual perceives the situation as threatening or exceeding their resources to respond.

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28
Q

The physiological response to stress is called ____

A

Allostasis

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29
Q

When the allostatic response does not end, this is called ____

A

Allostatic load

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30
Q

4 types of allostatic load:

A
  1. Repeated hits of high stress
  2. Failure to adapt to stress
    3 Prolonged stress response (delayed shutdown)
  3. Lack of response (leading to compensation)
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31
Q

The 4 characteristics of stressors that make them more stressful

A

Novelty
Unpredictability
Threat to ego
Sense of control

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32
Q

Primary appraisal

A

How significant is a stressor? What is the risk of harm or loss?

33
Q

Secondary appraisal

A

What coping resources do I have? How much control do I have?

34
Q

Stress is a reaction to the loss, threat of loss, or failure to gain from an investment. In the face of stress, people try to minimize loss of resources.

A

Conservation of resources theory (COR)

35
Q

Coping

A

Cognitive and behavioral strategies to manage stressors

36
Q

Problem management

A

Coping strategies focused on changing the situation. Most effective when the stressor is controllable.

37
Q

Emotional regulation

A

Coping strategies focused on changing the way we think/feel about a stressor. Most effective when the stressor is uncontrollable.

38
Q

Meaning based coping

A

Coping processes that encourage positive affect, and thus allow emotion based coping (religion, spirituality).

39
Q

Two ways to plan for stressors

A

Reduce the probability of a stressor occuring and learn effective coping strategies.

40
Q

Adaptation

A

The outcomes of coping with a stressor. Emotional well being, functional status, health behaviors.

41
Q

Coping style vs strategy

A

Coping style is the tendency to use specific coping strategies, is related to personality, and is relatively consistent. Coping strategies are specific coping tools/resources that are learnable.

42
Q

Active coping styles

A

Problem focused
Emotion focused
Emotional-approach
Palliative

43
Q

Problem focused style

A

Doing things directly related to the stressor

44
Q

Emotion focused style

A

Ruminating about emotions

45
Q

Emotional-approach style

A

Doing things to work through emotions

46
Q

Palliative style

A

Doing things to make yourself feel good

47
Q

Passive styles

A

Avoidance

Procrastination

48
Q

Dispositional coping styles

A

Generalized ways of behaving that can affect a person’s emotional or functional response to stress

49
Q

Repressors

A

Tend to unconsciously avoid thinking about stress. Self-report of stress differs from physiological variables.

50
Q

Monitors

A

Seek lots of information as a way of managing uncertainty.

51
Q

Blunters

A

Consciously avoid thinking about stressors and seek minimal info.

52
Q

Social network

A

All linkages between people that may or may not provide social support. The total number of relationships we have.

53
Q

Structural social support

A

The size of a person’s social network

54
Q

Functional social support

A

What do connection actually do in terms of support.

55
Q

Emotional support

A

Helping a person with their emotions (listening, etc)

56
Q

Practical/instrumental support

A

Providing support through action (helping someone move, doing errands)

57
Q

Informational support

A

Providing information on a stressor/situation

58
Q

Social isolation versus loneliness

A

Social isolation is reduced number of connections in the social network, while loneliness is the perception of isolation.

59
Q

How are absolute SES and health related?

A

Lower SES is associated with poorer health. Increasing SES improves health to a point, after which increasing SES no longer benefits health.

60
Q

How does perceived and relative SES influence health.

A

Perceptions of SES can moderate the effects of low SES on health. Relative SES is an important influence on health in wealthier societies.

61
Q

Social Causation Hypothesis

A

Low SES causes poorer health.

62
Q

Social Drift Hypothesis

A

Ill-health causes low SES.

63
Q

Which hypothesis of SES and health is most supported by research?

A

Social Causation.

64
Q

Differential Exposure Hypothesis

A

Lower SES individuals have greater exposure to stressors.

65
Q

Differential Vulnerability Hypothesis

A

Lower SES individuals are more vulnerable to stressors due to having fewer resources to cope.

66
Q

The SES and cortisol relationship is mediated by 3 factors (all are common in low SES groups):

A

Smoking status
Eating breakfast
Social network diversity

67
Q

Job characteristics associated with less stress under the JDC model:

A
  • Appropriate levels of control
  • Right amount of opportunities to apply skills
  • Opportunities to pursue goals and meet demands
  • Right amount of clarity, variety, and opportunity for interpersonal contact
  • Higher than threshold levels of money, physical security, and social value for position
68
Q

In JDC, a _____ job has high levels of demand and low levels of control. The opposite would be a ____.

A

High strain, Low Strain job

69
Q

In JDC, a _____ job has both high demand and control. the opposite would be a ______ job.

A

Active, Passive

70
Q

The Strain Hypothesis

A

Those in the higher strain quadrant of JDC experience more physical illness and psychological strain.

71
Q

The buffer hypothesis

A

Having more control in your job can buffer the effects of having many demands.

72
Q

The job demand-resource model

A

Developed to explain burnout. Proposes that stress occurs when job demands outweigh resources, leading to health impairment.

73
Q

Effort-reward imbalance model

A

Stress occurs when an individual perceives their efforts as greater than the reward they receive.

74
Q

Spillover hypothesis

A

Stresses from work spillover into the home life, and vice versa

75
Q

Compensation hypothesis

A

Individuals with highly stimulating jobs will seek less stimulating life activities and vice-versa.

76
Q

Segmentation hypothesis

A

Work and home life do not effect each other.

77
Q

What theory around work-life balance is most supported by research?

A

Spillover hypothesis

78
Q

Crossover effects

A

Demands on one individual also effect other in their social context. (your stress at works impacts your partner)

79
Q

Work-life conflict

A

Time in one domain takes away from the other. May be reduced in those with more resources.

HE ED 321 (3 decks)

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