Personality and individual differences Flashcards
 explain, selective pressure
Every trait has a normal distribution, due to mutation, and genetic drift etc,
But there is a selective pressure around the centrepoint, where there is an optimal range
E.g. height. 
If having this advantageous, then more organism will continue to have this trait
If having this trait in the extremes is not advantageous, but having a level of this trait is advantageous, the selective process will favour the middle
Both finally, if having an extreme trait its favourable, then the selection process will favour the extreme .
What is adaptive variance?
There is an optimal design solution for a problem however, we can’t understand variation is actually being something that is adaptive. no problems have a single solution and it depends on where the organism is going.
What’s the example of adaptive variation?
Going into a supermarket and heading towards checkout ,  you pick the queue with the shortest line . and it depends on what the other shoppers are doing and which queue they’re in 
What is ideal, free distribution?
This is the background concert adaptive variation
Individuals choose where and how to live, and as the patches for living are taken, the next individual will fill in the next best patch and so on .
E.g. ring, Cam💫💖 and I were trying to book the cheapest tickets to Japan as days went on! 
What is phenotypic plasticity?
 selective process has filtered traits so that an individual organism can develop flexibly based on predictable environment
What is the example of phenotypic plasticity
Cruin cop can live in lakes, that may or may not have a kind of predatory pike in them. If the pike releases chemicals to try to catch the cop, the cop will release a hard body, which is difficult to be eaten up by the pike.
The trade-off there is being bigger, is a good defence against a pike, but being smaller is a good defence oven pike fish
Epigenetics 
Gave an example of personality and animals
Traps were placed to catch pumpkin seeds sunfish by hoping they’d explore
seine fish were put down to capture the sunfish that did not explore
The trapped sunfish started feeding five days faster than the seined fish 
In the wild seined fish  obsess to stay closer to other individuals
Fish have different personalities as bold. Fish can catch food, but shy fish can stay safe.
Describe the tit for tat model by Rappaport
 it was based on computer strategies given to people to see what happens
Wrappable set up a computer model called the prisoners dilemma, where two people are arrested, and I was suspected of both being involved in the crime . Are separated and have to choose whether to cooperate with their partner and not saying he to the police or cooperate with the police and not say anything to the partner.
 if the partners both corporate with each other( they get one year in prison, if one partner frames, the other, one gets free is in prison, and the other gets zero is in prison
If they both frame each other, then they get five years in prison .

What does tit for tat actually mean?
 if you do something for someone, you’ll get something back which is of equal value. 
How does left-handedness give an advantage in battle and combat sports?
Left-handed. Individuals frequently interact with right-handed individuals, but right-handed individuals usually interact with other right-handed individuals so there is a disparity in practice for right versus left.. so left us surprisibg
What is adapted personality traits in humans?
Extra bit and have a higher number of sex partners, better social support and engaging more behaviour as well as more hospital visits
Women, there was no relationship for extraversion to life outcomes, but the number of living children of women increases with neuroticism
High neuroticism is associated with high anxiousness and lower neuroticism is associated with higher emotional stability and low anxiousness
Neuroticism was not associated with number of children in men, but was in women. Why?
Caregivers, potentially more anxious about looking after the children
How did extraversion relate to men and children?
High extraversion men related to a higher number of wives, which meant they more likely to have children
Explain the dark triad by Johansson, 2012
Machiavellianism - manipulative, self-serving strategies which involves cynicism manipulation and a view that the end of justifies the mean
Narcissism - grandiosity and desire for admiration and entitlement
Psychopathy - lack of empathy and remorse and impulsivity and aggression
Trade-offs of the dark triad?
 Psychopathy associated with high-level business, people and CEOs because you have to be ruthless. However, it’s also associated with domestic violence, cheating and sexual assault in intimate relationships.
Infidelity may be an evolutionary function of reproduction, and toughness is helpful also need to ignoring threats out of their control, .
