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social 1 > personality and individual differences > Flashcards

personality and individual differences Flashcards

1
Q

what is the dark triad

A

narcissism
psychopathy
machiavellianism

n+p are established clinical disorders

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2
Q

why was dark triad formed

A

Paulhus and Willams (2002)

to explore maladaptive personality traits but still within normal range of functioning

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3
Q

myth of narcissus

A

man known for beauty and cold heart

nemesis punished him when he fell in love with his own reflection thinking it was a water spirit

then he wasted away because he couldn’t tear himself away from his reflection and died of starvation and thirst

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4
Q

narcissistic personality

A

grandiose, yet fragile, sense of self and preoccupation with success and demands for admiration

  • excessively self centred - entitled
  • preoccupied with success
  • require excessive admiration
  • believe they are special
  • associate only with “high-status” people
  • root in deep set feelings of inferiority and envy of others - so diminish others successes
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5
Q

niccolo machiavelli

A

Italian diplomat - wrote The Prince → tactics rulers and leaders should employ to maintain power and achieve political goals

argued it is necessary for leaders to be ruthless and cunning and use any means to achieve authority and power

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6
Q

machiavellian personality

A

strategy of social conduct that involves manipulating others for personal gain against others self interest

  • manipulative - deliberately for personal gain
  • unethical and counterproductive behaviours e.g. lying, theft, sabotage
  • cynical view of human nature
  • little concern for welfare of others above their own
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7
Q

psychopathy

A

drive to engage in impulsive or antisocial behaviour without empathy, anxiety, or remorse

  • impulsive and thrill seeking
  • risky behaviours without considering consequences
  • callous and lack empathy
  • lack emotional bonds
  • don’t feel guilt or remorse
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8
Q

the psychopath test - Jon Ronson - summary

A

book exploring psychopaths and CEOs → there are more subclinical ones than you realise

CEOs and politicians as subclinical psychopaths

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9
Q

measuring narcissism - and issues with this measure

A

narcissistic personality inventory (NPi) (Raskin and Hall, 1979)

40 forced choice items → e.g. i only associate with high class people OR i don’t care about a persons social status

narcissists are quite good at identifying themselves

overreliance on this measure → 77% of studies of narcissism use this → it mostly focuses on grandiose aspect of narcissism

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10
Q

measuring machiavellianism - and issues with this measure

A

mach IV (Christie and Geis, 1970)

20 items marked on 7 point likert scale

e.g. “the best way to handle people is to tell them what they want to hear”

  • psychometric issues with this scale → lack of agreement on number of subscales comprising this measure
  • shows poor internal consistency
  • some research suggests removing half of the items
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11
Q

measuring psychopathy - and issues with this measure

A

self-report psychopathy scale (SPR) (Hare, 1985)

updated to SRP-III (Paulhus et al., 2014)

64 items on a 5 point likert scale

e.g. I purposely tried to hit someone with the vehicle I was driving

lack of consensus concerning what subclinical psychopathy refers to and how it differs from clinical psychopathy

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12
Q

issues with measuring dark triad traits in general

A

too many questions - cannot be done easily in one study

120 questions between the 3 measures

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13
Q

dirty dozen measure of dark triad + evaluation

A

Jonason and Webster, 2020

12 items - 4 for each dimension
to measure general population more

only 4 items for each trait - doesn’t capture nuances

convergent validity was assessed by comparing DD subscales with established measures → found SRP-III correlated more strongly with machiavellianism score on the dirty dozen than the DD subscle

so maybe it loses the nuances between the 3 traits

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14
Q

short dark triad measure - and evaluation

A

27 items - 9 for each dimension

more items in each subscale - better than dirty dozen - better representation

factor analysis studies fail to reproduce a three-factor structure → machiavellianism and psychopathy often cluster into a single factor

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15
Q

increase in narcissism with generations

A

Twenge et al (2008)

how narcissism scores changed over time in college students

increase in narcissism since 1982 → 30% higher in most recent cohort compared to first

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16
Q

2 potential reasons for increase in narcissism with time

A

social media:
* higher amounts of social media use associated with higher levels of narcissism
* 25% increase in those posting lots of photos and selfies
* relationship only found with visual forms of social media

parenting style changes:
* Brummelman et al (2015)
* monitored parents and children over 2 year period
* parent overvaluation of child predicted narcissism - not self-esteem
* parental warmth predicted self-esteem but not narcissism

17
Q

correlates with big 5 and dark triad

A

all negatively associated with agreeableness (largest with psychopathy

all negatively associated with conscientiousness (largest with machiavellianism)

narcissism positively associated with extraversion and openness

18
Q

criticisms of dark triad (2)

A

debate about whether traits are independent or represent a single construct:
* unification hypothesis - traits show strong positive intercorrelations and have been found to load onto the same factor in factor analysis
* uniqueness hypothesis - three traits have different patterns of associations with other traits and outcome variables

three traits aren’t enough to capture dark side of human nature:
* subclinical sadism should be added
* proneness to feel pleasant emotions while hurting others or watching others in pain

19
Q

what is in the light triad

A

humanism:
valuing dignity and worth of each individual

kantianism:
treating people as ends unto themselves - not mere means

faith in humanity:
belief in fundamental goodness of humans

20
Q

light triad scale

A

12 items - 4 for each dimension

developed scale when thinking of conceptual opposites of each dark triad trait and also items related to forgiveness, trust, honesty, caring, and acceptance

from this found the 3 traits forming the light triad

21
Q

light triad scale - limitations (2)

A

social desirability bias

new scale - lacks evidence for cross-cultural validity → mostly western cultures tested

22
Q

correlations between dark and light triads

A

light is negatively correlated with dark triad

only moderate correlation

not just the inverse of the other

23
Q

are people more good or bad

A

light vs dark triad balance score by subtracting score on dark from score on light

mean balance score of sample was 1.3 → suggests average person is tipped more towards light triad

extreme dark traits are rarer than extreme light traits

24
Q

nomological network of dark and light triad (2 validities to assess)

A

network of traits, qualities, and outcomes you would expect to be associated with a trait to demonstrate it is a valid construct

establish measure has construct validity

assess by:
* convergent validity → correlate with measures you expect to be highly correlated
* discriminate validity → correlate with measures you expect to not be correlated
* explore whether traits correlate or predict outcomes in line with expected hypothesis

25
Q

correlations with dark/light triads and big 5

A

openness → pos with light, nothing with dark

conscientiousness → pos with light, neg with dark

extraversion → pos with both - not predictive

agreeableness → very pos with light, neg with dark

negative emotions → neg with light, neutral with dark

26
Q

correlations with dark/light triad and world view

A

partial correlations controlled for contributions of compassion, respectfulness, and acceptance from agreeableness dimension of Big 5

27
Q

dark triad correlates (12)

A
  • younger, male
  • motivated by power, sex, achievement
  • high childhood unpredictability
  • high selfishness
  • high self-enhancement values
  • low life satisfaction
  • low compassion, empathy
  • low belief that others are good
  • low belief that one’s own self is good
  • more casual sexual partners
  • greater creativity
  • higher bravery, assertiveness, and leadership
28
Q

light triad correlates (12)

A
  • older, female
  • spirituality
  • high childhood stability
  • high acceptance of others
  • high compassion, empathy
  • high life satisfaction
  • high positive enthusiasm
  • high belief that others are good
  • high belief that one’s own self is good
  • weaker motives for achievement and self enhancement
  • proclivity for interpersonal guilt
  • excessive trust and compassion could leave you open to exploitation
29
Q

2 origins of personality differences

A

nature/nurture

genetics and behavioural genetics

30
Q

heritability of personality (+ intelligence as example)

A

heritability estimate (HE) = percentage of variability in a trait across individuals that is due to genes

behavioural genetics

gives percentage across population - not particular people

e.g. intelligence
0.45 → 45% due to genes
therefore 55% is due to environment

31
Q

behavioural genetics and personality

A

identifies genetic and non-genetic determinants of individual differences in personality and behaviour

genetic effects:
* inherited from parents

environmental
shared:
* shared by family members e.g. parenting styles, family environment, school, neighbourhood

non-shared:
* environmental effects unique to individual and not shared with family e.g. illness, friends, teachers, differential treatment by parents

32
Q

behavioural genetics research - 3 types

A

family studies
adoption studies
twin studies

33
Q

behavioural genetics research - family studies

A

bio parent → genes and environment

can confound each other - don’t know which causes it

compare 1st, 2nd and 3rd degree relatives:
1st = 50% e.g. siblings, parents
2nd = 25% e.g. grandparents, half-siblings
3rd = 12.5% e.g. great-grandparents, cousins

higher concordance in 1st degree than 2 or 3 means its likely genetic

e.g. high concordance with genes in SZ

34
Q

behavioural genetics research - adoption studies + example with crime rates

A

bio parent → genes

adoptive parent → environment

find which has biggest effect

results are more valid if there is info about bio parents to compare concordance rates with adoptive and bio parents

e.g. Mednick et al (1987)

criminal tendencies in 14,000 adoptees

highest concordance with biological → suggests higher genetic influence

35
Q

behavioural genetics research - twin studies

A

bio parent → genes and environment

depends on MZ or DZ twins

provides genetic evidence

MZ = 100% genes

DZ = 50% genes

e.g. Genain quadruplets → born 1930s → all got SZ suggesting genetic component

still difficult to determine precise impact of genes on personality as they often share environmental things too

36
Q

twins studies - intelligence (1) and personality (2) examples

A

intelligence
** Bouchard and McGue (1981)**
IQ tests to MZ and DZ twins who grew up together or apart and looked at concordance

MZ together = 86%
MZ apart = 76%
DZ together = 55%
DZ apart = 35%

conclude strong genetic and less strong environmental

personality
Tellegen et al (1988)
multidimensional personality questionnaire

done on MZ and DZ twins who grew up together and apart

more genetic than environment in most traits

Zuckerman (1991)
* used big 5
* substantial genetic influence on most dimensions
* non-shared environmental influences have greater impact on personality traits than shared environments

37
Q

what are concordance rates

A

% to show degree of similarity between 2 people on a trait or behaviour

can see whether this relates genetically or environmentally

social 1 (7 decks)

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