Personality and Abnormal Psych

Question 1

What did Philippe Pinel and Dorthy Dix do?

Answer 1

Both reformed the conditions of asylums and treatment of mentally ill patients to be more humane

Question 2

How did the discovery of the cause of general paresis in the late 1800s contribute to understanding of abnormal psych?

Answer 2

General paresis (delusions of grandeur, mental deterioration, paralysis, and death), was found to be dure to brain deterioration caused by syphilis. This introduced the idea that physiological factors could underlie mental disorders.

Question 3

In 1938, what method did Cerletti and Bini introduce to “cure” schizophrenia?

Answer 3

Electroschock therapy

Question 4

Between 1935 and 1955, what method was used to treat severe schizophrenic patients?

Answer 4

prefrontal lobotamy

Question 5

What new method of treatment for schiizophrenic patients ended the use of electroshock therapy and lobotamies?

Answer 5

Antipsychotic drugs

Question 6

How did Emil Kraepelin contribute to the field of abnormal psych?

Answer 6

He created the first classification system for mental disorders, which was a precursor to the DSM

Question 7

What are the three major systems of Freud’s structural dynamic model of personaliy?

Answer 7

Id, ego, and superego

Question 8

Which defense mechanism is the following an example of: A child completely “forgets” past abuse.

Answer 8

Repression: unconscious forgetting of anxiety producing memories

Question 9

Which defense mechanism is the following an example of? A person forgets failing an important test the first time they take it, but passing the second.

Answer 9

Suppression: conscious form of forgetting anxiety producing memories

Question 10

Which defense mechanism is the following an example of? A student is sexually attracted to a professor, but won’t acknowledge it and thinks that the professor is attracted to them.

Answer 10

Projection: attributes his forbidden urges to others

Question 11

Which of the following defense mechanisms is this an example of? A child who hates his brother and is punished for hostile actions to his brother will shower his brother with affection

Answer 11

Reaction formation: acting opposite to one’s unconscious wishes

Question 12

Which defense mechanism is the following an example of? I only speed because everyone else does it.

Answer 12

Rationalization

Question 13

Which defense mechanism is the following an example of? A teen girl starts sucking her thumb when she is nervous/scared

Answer 13

Regression

Question 14

Which defense mechanism is the follwoing an example of? A person who is very aggressive plays contact sports instead of getting in fights.

Answer 14

Sublimination: transforming an unacceptable urge into an acceptable behavior

Question 15

Which defense mechanism is the following an example of? A man who hates his boss goes home and yells at his wife/kids?

Answer 15

Displacement: pent up feelings are discharged on people and objects less dangerous than the thing causing those feelings

Question 16

What 2 parts did Carl Jung divide the unconcious mind into?

Answer 16

The personal unconcious and the collective unconcious.

Question 17

Explain the Junginan archetypes of the persona/shadow.

Answer 17

Persona: the mask adopted by a person in response to demands of social convention. Shadow: animal instincts, unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings, and actions

Question 18

Explain the Jungian archetypes of the anima/animus.

Answer 18

Anima: feminine qualities. Animus: masculine qualities

Question 19

What is Jung’s concept of self?

Answer 19

The person’s striving for unity; point of intersection between collective unconsciousness and consciousness

Question 20

Who originated the concept of the inferiority complex- an individuals sense of incompleteness, imperfection, physical and social inferiorities?

Answer 20

Alfred Adler

Question 21

Explain Adler’s concepts of creative self and style of life.

Answer 21

Creative self: force by which each individual shapes his/her uniqueness and personality. Style of life: manifestation of creative self, a persons unique way of achieving inferiority.

Question 22

According to Adler, are individuals motivated more by past events or future expectations? What is the term he used for this?

Answer 22

Future expectations, called fictional finalism

Question 23

Explain Horney’s concept of basic anxiety in children and the 3 strategies used to deal with it.

Answer 23

Basic anxiety: sense of helplessness and insecurity. Strategies: move toward people to obtain security, move against people/fight to gain upper hand, or move away/withdraw from people

Question 24

What is Anna Freud considered the founder of?

Answer 24

Ego psychology

Question 25

What branch of personality psych did Klein, Winnicott, Margaret Mahler, and Otto Kernberg create?

Answer 25

Object relations theory

Question 26

In psychoanalysis, forgetting dream material, missing a session, blocking associations, and switching topics rapidly are all indications of __________.

Answer 26

Resistance

Question 27

What is the difference between transference and countertranferance?

Answer 27

Transference- clients feelings towards therapist, related to family or love relationships in clients past Countertransference- the therapists feelings toward the client

Question 28

What is vicarious reinforcement/learning as proposed by Bandura?

Answer 28

Learning by observing others behaviors being reinforced.

Question 29

Explain Seligman's learned helplessness theory.

Answer 29

Individuals who consistently face difficult situations from which they cannot escape learn to feel powerless to overcome their problems. He conducted the experiment on dogs using electric shock- over time the dogs gave up trying to escape the shock even when they were given an opportunity to jump out.

Question 30

Both Becks Cognitive Therapy for Depression and Ellis's Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET) seek to challenge the clients __________ _____________.

Answer 30

Irrational thoughts

Question 31

Psychoanalysts argue that symptom relief is not adequate therapy bc the underlying cause is still there. They believe that new symptoms will develop to replace the old one. This is called __________ ___________.

Answer 31

Symptom substitution

Question 32

____________ theorists emphasize internal processes rather than overt behavior. They are also sometimes called humanistic bc they focus on what distinguishes us from animals. They are also similar to existential theorists.

Answer 32

Phenomenological

Question 33

The Gestalt theory of personality has a _________ view of the self

Answer 33

Holistic

Question 34

Explain Kurt Lewins field theory

Answer 34

He saw personality as dynamic and ever-changing. It consists of constantly changing systems. Under optimal conditions, the systems are well articulated and function in an integrated fashion. When the person is under anxiety or tension, however, articulation between systems becomes diffused.

Question 35

What are the 4 levels of Maslows hierarchy of needs?

Answer 35

1: physiological and safety needs (food, shelter, etc) 2. Belongingness and love needs 3. Esteem, cognitive, and aesthetic needs 4. Self actualization: need to realize ones fullest potential

Question 36

Who hypothesized that people are like scientists who devise and test predictions about the behavior of significant people in his/her life?

Answer 36

George Kelly

Question 37

What do humanistic-existential therapies emphasize? What do they view as the root cause of mental disorders?

Answer 37

They emphasize the process of finding meaning in ones life by making ones own choices. Mental disorders stem from problems of alienation, depersonalization, loneliness, and lack of meaningful existence

Question 38

Who created the therapy technique known as client-centered/person-centered/no directive therapy?

Answer 38

Carl Rogers

Question 39

Describe unconditional positive regard And how it is used in humanistic therapy?

Answer 39

Unconditional positive regard means treating client in a positive and self affirming way no matter what. It is used to create a positive environment for clients despite whatever condition they are in.

Question 40

What do type/trait theorists characterize people according to?

Answer 40

Specific types of personality

Question 41

What is the difference between Type A and Type B personalities?

Answer 41

``` Type A- competitive, and compulsive, prone to heart disease, mostly upper and middle class men Type B- generally laid back and relaxed ```

Question 42

What method did Raymond Cattell, a trait theorist, used to measure personality?

Answer 42

Factor analysis

Question 43

What are the 5 personality dimensions Eyesnck theorized, based on his factor analysis?

Answer 43

Introversion, extroversion, emotional stability, neurotism, psychoticism

Question 44

Explain McCelland's theory of the personality trait, the need for achievement?

Answer 44

The need to accompish things and take pride in them, avoid high and low risks, and set realistic goals

Question 45

Explain the difference between Herman Witkin's theory of field dependence vs field independence.

Answer 45

Field dependence: A diffuse response to a percieved mass of undifferentiated stimuli (ie being influenced by the opinions of others, not distinguishing seperate ideas or their own ideas from others). Field-independence: capacity to make specific responses to percieved specific stimuli.

Question 46

What did Julian Rotter's research on internal and external locus of control find regarding self esteem and attibutions to success, and attributions to failure.

Answer 46

Internal locus of control- person believes they control their own destiny. Found in those with high self esteem who contribute success to their abilities. Found in those with low self esteem who attribute failures to their lack of ability. External locus of control- Person believes outside events, fate and chance control their destiny. Found in those with high self esteem who contribute failures to bad luck or task difficulty. Foudn in those with high self esteem who contribute success to luck or task ease.

Question 47

Those who score high in "Machiavellianism" tend to be successful at ___________.

Answer 47

manipulation

Question 48

What is Sandra Bem's theory of androgeny?

Answer 48

It's a state of being simultaneously very masculine and very feminine.

Question 49

Which Axis of DSMIV is for clincial disorders, with the exception of personality disorders and mental retardation.

Answer 49

Axis I

Question 50

Which axis of the DSM is for personality disorders and mental retardation?

Answer 50

Axis II

Question 51

Which axis of the DSM is used for any medical conditions that are potentially relevant to understanding or treating the patient's mental disorder

Answer 51

Axis III

Question 52

Explain Gordon Allports theory of cardinal, central, and secondary traits

Answer 52

Cardinal traits are traits around which one organizes his/her life (ie: Self-sacrifice for Mother Theresa). Not everyone develops cardinal traits, but they have central and secondary traits. Central traits are major characteristics of personality that are easy to infer (ie honesty, fatalism). Secondary traits are more personal and unique characteristics.

Question 53

Explain Allports concept of functional autonomy

Answer 53

Functional autonomy means that any given activity or form of behavior may become an end or goal in itself, regardless of it's original reason for existence. I.e, a person who started running to lose weight may continue to run after losing weight simply for enjoyment of it

Question 54

What is the difference Allport distinguished between the idiographic/morphogenic approach and the nomothetic/dimensional approach to personality? Which did Allport insist personality theorists use?

Answer 54

Idiographic/morphogenic: focuses on individual case studies. Nomographic/dimensional: focuses on groups of people and tries to find commonalities between individuals. Allport insisted on using the idiographic approach and avoid nomographic approaches.

Question 55

What disorder has the following symptoms: lack of responsiveness to others, impairment of communication skills, and repetitive behaviors?

Answer 55

Autism

Question 56

What disorder is characterized by multiple motor tics and one or more vocal tics?

Answer 56

Tourettes

Question 57

A schizophrenic person may have any or all of what symptoms?

Answer 57

Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought, inappropriate affect, and cationic behavior.

Question 58

What are "positive symptoms" of Schizophrenia?

Answer 58

Behaviors, thoughts or actions added to normal behavior. Include delusions and hallucinations, disorganized speech, cationic behavior.

Question 59

What are "negative symptoms" of schizophrenia?

Answer 59

Symptoms involving absence of normal behavior. Includes flat effect

Question 60

What are some common delusions?

Answer 60

Delusions of reference- belief that others are talking about him/her Delusions of Persecution- belief that a person is being deliberately interfered with, discriminated against, plotted against, or threatened Delusions of grandeur- belief that he/she is a remarkable person

Question 61

What is the most common form of hallucination?

Answer 61

Auditory- hearing voices

Question 62

What is the prodromal phase od schizophrenia?

Answer 62

The phase before the active phase. It's exemplified by clear evidence of deterioration, social withdrawal, role functioning impairment, peculiar behavior, inappropriate affect, and unusual experiences.

Question 63

What is the difference between process and reactive schizophrenia? Which one has a better prognosis for recovery.

Answer 63

Process- development of schizophrenia is slow and insidious, poor recovery. Reactive- onset of symptoms intense and sudden, better prognosis of recovery.

Question 64

What are the five subtypes of schizophrenia?

Answer 64

Catatonic- alternation between extreme withdrawal of movement to excessive movement Paranoid type- preoccupation with one or more delusions or frequent auditory hallucinations. Relative preservation of cognitive and affective functioning. Disorganized- flat/inappropriate affect and disorganized speech/behavior Undifferentiated- diagnosed when general criteria for other categories not met Residual- when patient is in remission from previous schizophrenic episode

Question 65

What is the Double bind hypothesis in explaining origins of schizophrenia?

Answer 65

Child receives contradictory and mutually incompatible messages from his/her primary caregiver (usually mom). Torn between these contradictory messages, the child may begin to feel anxious and internalize these disorganized messages. From this point, the child begins to see his/her perceptions of reality as unreliable

Question 66

What criteria define a diagnosis of major depressive disorder?

Answer 66

At least a 2 week period in which there is a prominent and persistent depressed mood, or loss of interest in all or almost all activities. These symptoms must cause significant distress/impairment in functioning.

Question 67

What is the difference between mania of bipolar I and the hypomania of bipolar II?

Answer 67

Hypomania, unlike mania, typically does not significantly impair functioning, nor are there psychotic features, although the individual may be more energetic and optimistic.

Question 68

What are dysthymic and cyclothymic disorders?

Answer 68

Similar to depression and bipolar disorders, but less severe

Question 69

What is the monoamine/catecholamine theory of depression?

Answer 69

Too much norepinephrine and serotonin leads to mania, too little to depression.

Question 70

What is agoraphobia?

Answer 70

Fear of being in open places or situations where escape may be difficult. Agoraphobics tend to be uncomfortable going outside their homes alone.

Question 71

What is social phobia?

Answer 71

Anxiety due to social situations that may result in embarrassment

Question 72

What are somatoform disorders?

Answer 72

Presence of physical symptoms that are not fully explained by a medical condition

Question 73

What is a conversion disorder?

Answer 73

Unexplained symptoms affecting voluntary motor or sensory functions; ie paralysis or blindness w/o neurological damage

Question 74

What is hypochondriasis?

Answer 74

Person is preoccupied w/ fears he/she has serious disease, based on misinterpretation of one or more bodily signs. Fears continue even after proven wrong

Question 75

For people w/ dissociative disorders, how do they avoid stress?

Answer 75

By escaping from their identity/reality (dissociating)

Question 76

What is the difference between dissociative amnesia and fugue?

Answer 76

Amnesia- inability to recall past experience. | Fugue- confusion about ones identity, accompanied by a sudden unexpected move away from ones home

Question 77

What is schizoid personality disorders?

Answer 77

A pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and restricted range of emotional expression. Poor social skills

Question 78

What is narcissistic personality disorder?

Answer 78

Grandiose sense of self importance or uniqueness, preoccupation w/ fantasies of success, a need for constant admiration and attention, feelings of entitlement. However, they have very poor self esteem, and will feel rage, inferiority, shame, humiliation, or emptiness, When others don't view them favorably.

Question 79

What is Borderline personality disorder?

Answer 79

Pervasive instability in interpersonal behavior, mood, and self image. Relationships are often intense and unstable. Often change long term gold and values. intense fear of abandonment. Suicide attempts and self mutilation common

Question 80

What is antisocial personality disorder?

Answer 80

Pattern of disregard for and violation of rights of others. Repeated illegal acts, deceitfulness, aggressiveness, and lack of remorse. Many career criminals have this disorder

Question 81

What is the diathesis-stress model?

Answer 81

A diathesis is a predisposition to develop a certain mental disorder. Excessive stress on a person may lead to development of that disorder.

Question 82

What are some examples of primary intervention?

Answer 82

Increasing access to good prenatal and postnatal care, training in psychosocial skills, opportunities for education, training parents in child raising skills

Question 83

What did Rosenhan conclude from his study about having sane ppl admitted to mental hospital after reporting hallucinations.

Answer 83

Clinicians need to exercise greater care when judging normality and abnormality. Once someone is labeled mentally I'll, the label never really goes away, and mental illnesses can be feigned and misdiagnosed.