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Psychology GRE > Developmental Psych > Flashcards

Developmental Psych Flashcards

1
Q

John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, George Berkeley, David Hume, James Mill, and John Stuart Mill formed what?

A

The British empiricist school of thought

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2
Q

What did the British Empiricist school of thought believe that all knowledge came from?

A

Experience. We are all born a Tabula rasa (blank slate).

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3
Q

What renaissance thinker opposed the British empirical school of thought in his book: Emile, Concerning Education?

A

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

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4
Q

How did Charles Darwin influence the functionalist system of thought?

A

Evolution, as proposed by Darwin, is about a species adaptation to it’s environment. Functionalism is the study of how mental processes help individuals adapt to their environment.

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5
Q

Who is “the father of developmental psychology, a founder of the APA, and of child and adolescent psychology?

A

G. Stanley Hall

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6
Q

What extreme side was John Watson on the nature vs. nurture debate?

A

Nurture- he was a staunch behaviorist

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7
Q

What side was Arnold Gesell on in the nature vs.nurture debate?

A

Nature- development occurred as a maturational process, he was a nativist

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8
Q

Who is the founding father of cognitive structuralism?

A

Jean Piaget

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9
Q

During what stage of Piaget’s development model does a child learn object permance?

A

Sensorimotor stage

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10
Q

What is the stage that is next once the child has mastered object permance and has begun represenational thought?

A

Preoperational stage

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11
Q

What is the tendency to be able to focus on only one aspect of phenomenon, and what stage does it occur in?

A

Centration, preoperational stage

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12
Q

The concrete operational stage is noted by the understanding of the concept of _______.

A

conservation

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13
Q

What is the final stage of Piaget’s development model, characterized by thinking logically about abstract ideas?

A

Formal operations

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14
Q

What is Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development?

A

It’s those skills and abilities that have not yet fully developed but are in the process of development. The person needs guidance to demonstrate those skills and abilities.

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15
Q

What is categorical perception and how does it relate to phonology?

A

Phenology is the sound stem of language (there are about 40 phonemes, or speech sounds, in English). Categorical perception is the ability to distinguish those phenomes that make up words from other meaningless sounds.

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16
Q

What are semantics?

A

the meaning of words

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17
Q

What is syntax?

A

how words are put together to form sentences, the correct order of words

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18
Q

what are pragmatics?

A

the efficient use of language

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19
Q

“I runned to the store” is an example of what?

A

Error of growth, or overregulation

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20
Q

What is the Language Aquisition Device (LAD) and when is the sensitive period for it?

A

The innate capacity for language acquistion that is triggered by exposure to language. It is believed that there is a sensitive period for this between age 2 and puberty.

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21
Q

What is the name of Erik Erikson’s development theory?

A

psychosocial theory

22
Q

What is the first stage of Erikson’s theory?

A

Trust vs. Mistrust

23
Q

What are outcomes of the second stage of Erikson’s theory, autonomy vs. shame and doubt?

A

Autonomy: ability to exercise choice and self restraint. Shame and Doubt: sense of doubt and lack of control

24
Q

What are outcomes of the 3rd stage of Erikson’s theory, initiative vs guilt?

A

Initiative: feeling of purpse, ability to initiate activities, and enjoy accomplishment. Guilt: child is so overcome by fear of punishment that they may unduly restrict themselves or overcompensate by showing off.

25
Q

What is the fourth stage of Erikson’s model, which occurs from age 6-12?

A

Industry vs. Inferiority

26
Q

What is the main crisis of the adolescent period, according to Erikson?

A

Identity vs Role Confusion

27
Q

What is the main crisis of young adulthood, according to Erikson?

A

Intimacy vs. Isolation

28
Q

What are outcomes of the crisis of generativity vs. stagnation that occurs in middle age?

A

Generativity: being productive, caring, contributive member of society. Stagnation: self-indulgent, bored, and self-centered with little care for others

29
Q

What is the final stage of Erikson’s development theory?

A

Integrety vs Despair

30
Q

What are some cues babies use to signal to caregivers?

A

Crying, smiling, and fear responses

31
Q

What are the differences between cross-sectional studies, longitudinal studies, and sequential cohort studies?

A

Cross sectional studies compare groups of subjects at diff ages. Longitudinal studies a specific group of people over time. Sequential cohort studies combine both methods- several groups of different ages are studied over several years.

32
Q

What is the difference between a genotype and a phenotype?

A

A genotype is the genetic makeup of an individual. A phenotype is their observable traits.

33
Q

What do Downs Syndrome, Klinefelters syndrome, and Turners syndrome have in common?

A

They are all genetic diseases that are caused by extra or missing chromosomes. They all result in mental retardation.

34
Q

Explain assimilation and accommodation and how it applies to Piagets principle of adaptation.

A

Assimilation- adding new info to existing schemata.

Accommodation- new info doesn’t really fit into existing schemata, so modify existing schemata

35
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary reactions and what stage of Piagets cog development do they take place?

A

Circular reactions are when the infant repeatedly coordinates separate aspects of movement. Primary ones are motions the infants body; secondary are directed toward manipulation of objects in the environment. Both occur in the sensorimotor stage, the first stage of Piagets model of development.

36
Q

In Harry Harlow’s experiment with rhesus monkeys, did the baby monkey’s prefer the wire surrogate mother with a feeding nipple or the the cloth surrogate mother with no feeding nipple? What does this demonstrate about child parent attatchment and socialization?

A

They preferred the cloth one; contact is important for bonding between parent and child, and without it the monkeys are harder to socialize with other monkeys.

37
Q

John Bowlby studided children brough up in foster homes and orphanages who were physically well cared for but lacked intimate bodily contact. How did he find that these children adapted to socialization?

A

They were timid and asocial.

38
Q

What did Bowlby term the fits that a child throws at age two when seperated from his/her mother?

A

seperation anxiety

39
Q

Mary Ainsworth, in her “strange situation procedure” experiment, classified infants into 3 basic types: insecure/avoidant, secure attatchment, and insecure/resistant attatchment. What do these mean?

A

Insecure/avoidant: infant is not distressed when mom leaves and avoids contact with her upon return. Secure attatchment: mildly distressed during seperations from mom but greet her positively when she returns, Insecure/resistant attatchment: distressed during seperation but resist physical contact from mom when she returns

40
Q

What did Konrad Lorenz study in his experiment on baby birds?

A

Imprinting

41
Q

A kid thinks that he should not hit other people becasue he would get punished for doing so. What phase and stage of morality is this kid in, according to Kohlberg?

A

preconventional morality phase, specifically the first stage of punishment and obedience

42
Q

A person thinks that she should give a gift to someone because they gave a gift to her. What phase and stage of morality is this person in according to Kholberg?

A

Preconventional morality phase; stage 2 of orientation toward reciprocity

43
Q

A child wants to make good grades to win his parents approval. What phase and stage of morality is this boy in, according to Kohlberg?

A

Conventional phase of morality; 3rd stage of “good girl, nice boy” orientation for social approval

44
Q

A man thinks he should not speed because it’s the law. What phase and stage of morality is this man in according to Kholberg?

A

Conventional phase; stage 4 of “law and order” orientation (morality defined by rules of authority)

45
Q

A man thinks he should not speed because speeding could be dangerous for him and other drivers. What phase and stage of morality is he in according to Kholberg?

A

The post conventional phase; stage 5 called “social contract” orientation- moral rules are designed to ensure the greater good

46
Q

Mother Theresa devoted her life to helping the poorest sickest people in the slums of India, because she saw them as people deserving respect and care. What phase and stage of morality is she in according to Kholberg?

A

Post conventional phase; stage 6 consisting of acting to universal ethical principles

47
Q

What is the Heinz Dilemna used to test for?

A

The Kholberg moral level of a given individual; the thought process behind their decision indicates their moral reasoning

48
Q

What is Carol Gilligan’s criticsim of Kholberg’s moral development stages?

A

That Kholberg did his reaserch solely with males, and when females do his test, they usually are put in a lower stage because they focus on relationships, caring, and compassion. This makes them seem less morally developed according to his theory.

49
Q

Explain Kohlberg’s Gender Stages theory: Gender labeling (age 2-3), Gender stability (age 3-4) and Gender consistancy (age 4-7).

A

Gender labeling: children accept that they are a boy/girl and can label themselves and others in terms of gender, but they don’t realize that gender is permanent. Gender stability: They begin to understand that gender is stable (they will still be the same gender when they grow up), but they think gender can change based on clothes and behavior of a person. Gender Consistancy: children understand the permanence of gender

50
Q

What is the gender schematic processing theory proposed by Martin and Halverson?

A

As soon as children are able to label their gender, they being concentrating on behaviors that seem to be associated with their gender and playing less attention to those associated with the opposite gender.

51
Q

What are the 3 parenting styles proposed by Diana Baumrind?

A

Authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive

Psychology GRE (4 decks)

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