Personality Flashcards
1
Q
Personality
A
Distinctive and relatively enduring ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that characterize a person’s response to situations
2
Q
Three factors of personality
A
Identity
Internal Causes
Organized
3
Q
You are like no one else
A
Identity
4
Q
Things inside, not the environment
A
Internal Causes
5
Q
Pattern fits together, has meaning
A
Organized
6
Q
Psychodynamic perspective
A
Unconscious part of the mind
Powerful influence on behaviour
Physical symptoms appear without physical cause (physical paralysis)
7
Q
generated by instinctual drives and discharged directly or indirectly
A
Psychic energy
8
Q
Mental events
A
Conscious
Preconscious
Unconcious
9
Q
Preconscious?
A
Unaware but can be recalled, memories
10
Q
Conscious?
A
Are aware of
11
Q
Unconscious?
A
Wishes, impulses, etc are unaware of
12
Q
Id?
A
Unconscious
No direct contact with reality
Pleasure principle
13
Q
Ego
A
Conscious level Reality principle Functions to keep impulses of id in control Delays gratification Imparts self-control
14
Q
Superego?
A
Morality aspect of personality
Controls impulses of id with external control
15
Q
Weapon of ego
Are distortions of reality
Operate unconsciously
Cause of maladaptive behaviour
A
defence mechanisms
16
Q
Repression?
A
Thoughts & wishes remain in unconscious
Revealed in slips of the tongue, dreams
17
Q
Sublimation?
A
Unacceptable impulses presented as socially desirable behaviour
Mask true feelings, wishes
True feelings and desires that aren’t socially acceptable in a way that becomes acceptable
18
Q
Psychosexual development stages
A
Focuses on specific pleasure-sensitive areas of body
Adult personality is function of progressing through theses stages
19
Q
Fixation?
A
Arrested development where instincts focused on particular area
20
Q
Oral stage
A
0-2 years
Fixation=self-indulgence;dependency
21
Q
Anal stage
A
2-3 years
Fixation = compulsive cleanliness; rigid rules; or messy & dominant
22
Q
Phallic stage
A
4-6 years
Oedipus complex
Move from sexual attachment to opposite-sex parent to identity with same-sex parent
Milestone in gender identity
23
Q
Latency stage
A
Period of dormant sexuality
7 years
24
Q
Genital
A
Puberty
Formation of social and sexual relationships
25
Neoanalysts
Freud failed to recognize social & cultural factors
| Overemphasized infantile sexuality
26
Adler?
Motivated by social interest
| Place social welfare above personal interests
27
Striving for superiority
Compensate for real/imagined defects
| Become more competent
28
Object relation theorists
Focus = mental representations people form of themselves
Become ‘working models’ to interpret social interactions
Can generate self-fulfilling prophecies
29
Affects attachment styles in adult relationships
Secure vs. avoidant vs. anxious-ambivalent
30
Humanistic approach
Reaction to freud
| Motivations for behaviour
31
Reaction to freud
Emphasis on role of conscious, creative potential, self-actualization
32
Motivations for behaviour
Maslow & Rogers
| Innate tendency towards self-actualization
33
George Kelly’s Personal Construct Theory
Kelly’s primary interest was how people construct reality
Personal constructs
Are cognitive categories which sort the people and events in their lives
The primary basis for individual differences in personality
34
Threat?
Why do people treat me like that? I am a …..
35
Healthy individuals modify self-concept
Healthy individuals modify self-concept
-Not all people find me a good …..
Or can distort reality
-They are just not clever enough to see that I am a good …..
36
Level of adjustment
Degree of congruence between self-concept & experience
37
Maladjustment
Deny or distort reality to be consistent with self-concept
38
Healthy adjustment
Experiences are easily incorporated into self-concept
39
Need for Positive Regard
Innate need for acceptance, sympathy, love
40
Unconditional Positive Regard
Independent of behaviour
41
Conditional Positive Regard
Dependent upon behaviour
| Creates ‘conditions of worth
42
Positive self-regard
Experience of being understood & valued gives us freedom to grow
43
Lack of unconditional positive regard
Creates ‘conditions of worth’
44
Fully functioning persons
Self-determined, sense of inner freedom, accept inner & outer experiences as they are
45
Self esteem
How positively or negatively we feel about ourselves
46
High Self-esteem
Fewer interpersonal problems
More capable of forming loving relationships
Achieve at higher level
47
Poor Self-esteem
Anxiety, depression, poor social relationships, underachievement
48
Unstable / unrealistically high self-esteem
More problematic than low self-esteem
| May react aggressively when self-esteem threatened
49
Pursuit of self-esteem
Enhanced self-esteem vs. mastery of the goal
| Failure is problematic if goal is enhanced self-esteem
50
Fostering Self esteem
Unconditional acceptance and love
Clear guidelines for behaviour
Reinforcement of compliance
Freedom to make decisions and express opinions within guidelines
51
Self-verification
Motivated to confirm self-concept
Better recall for more consistent self-descriptions
Seek out self-confirming relationships
52
Self-enhancement
Strong tendency to gain & preserve positive self-image
| Contributes to psychological well-being
53
Gender schemas
Typical male or woman
54
Males
Achievement, strength, self-sufficiency
| Individualistic
55
Females
Helpful, kind, self competencies
| Collectivist
56
Evaluation
Too much reliance on self reports
| Not scientific?
57
Individuals with low self esteem
Success increases their anxiety
Do not have positive experience of success
Do not act to improve their mood
Success brings doubt and anxiety
58
Introversion
Retiring
Reserved
Likes solitary activities
Does not attend parties
59
Extraversion
Outgoing and talkative
Wants many friends
Enjoys parties
Dominates social situations
60
Factor analysis
Find correlations among behaviours
61
Eysenck’s Extraversion-Stability Model
Only two dimensions needed (Extroverted-introverted;stable-unstable)
Added third trait later
62
Psychoticism
Self control
63
5 factor model
O.C.E.A.N
64
Combining 5 factor model and Eysenck 2 factor?
Good at predicting behaviour across broad range
65
Cattel's 16 factors
Predict behaviour more specifically
66
Biological foundations of personality
Nature and nurture influence development
67
Focus on role of?
Nervous system
Genetics
Evolution
68
Brains of extreme introverts are?
Over aroused
| Seek to Minimize stimulation
69
Brains of extreme extroverts?
Under-aroused
| Seek to maximize stimulation
70
Stability-instability
Differences in autonomic nervous system arousal
71
Novelty seeking
Related to levels of dopamine
72
Traits and behaviour
Show stability and change
73
Traits
Activity level tends to remain stable over time
74
Behaviour
Show little stability across situations
75
Difficult because of 3 factors
Traits interact with other traits
‘Importance’ of trait influences consistency
Variation in ‘self-monitoring’
76
Self monitors
High
Low
Extreme
77
High
Attentive to situational cues
78
Low
Attentive to internal beliefs
79
Extreme
Very differently in different situations
80
Pros of evaluating trait approach
Focused attention on value of identifying and measuring personality dispositions
81
Cons of evaluating trait approach
Describes’ structure of personality & individual differences
Cannot explain underlying psychological mechanisms
82
Albert Bandura
Behaviour not explained by external or internal factors alone
83
Reciprocal determinism
Individual & behaviour & environment are linked
| Influential pattern of 2-way causal links
84
Expectancy & Reinforcement
Behaviour governed by 2 factors (Rotter)
85
Expectancy
Likelihood of consequences given behaviour
86
Reinforcement
How much we desire or dread consequences
87
Locus of control
Generalized expectancy
| Applies to many aspects of world view
88
Internal
Events under personal control
89
External
Luck, chance, powerful others
90
Internal locus
Self-determined
Seek out information; becoming involved
Sense of personal effectiveness
91
External locus
Less resistant to social pressures
| Give into "powerful" others
92
Performance attainments
Previous successes or failures
93
Emotional arousal
Arousal that can inhibit or enhance performance
94
Observational learning
Observing others
95
Verbal persuasion
Positive or negative messages from others
96
Oral Stage
0-2 years
| Fixation based on self indulgence; dependency
97
Anal Stage
2-3 years
| Fixation based on compulsive cleanliness; rigid rules; or messy and dominant
98
Phallic stage
4-6 years
Oedipus complex
Move from sexual attachment to opposite-sex parent to identity with same sex parent
Milestone in gender identity
99
Latency stage
Puberty - 7 years
| Period of dormant sexuality
100
Genital stage
Puberty+
| Formation of social and sexual relationships
101
Carl Rogers Self Theory
Made of self consistency and congruence
| Organized principles about oneself
102
Consistency among self perceptions
Self consistency
103
Consistency between self perceptions and experience
Congruence
104
Maladjustment
Deny/distort reality to be consistent with self concept
105
Healthy adjustment
Experiences are easily incorporated into self concept
106
Need for positive regard
Acceptance, sympathy and love
107
Unconditional positive regard
Independent of behaviour
108
Conditional Positive Regard
Dependent upon behavior
109
Positive self-regard
Experience of being understood and valued gives us freedom to grow
110
Lack of unconditional positive regard
Creates conditions of worth
111
Fully functioning persons
Self-determined, sense of inner freedom, accept inner and outer experiences as they are
112
What fosters self esteem?
Unconditional acceptance and love
Guidelines for behavior
Reinforcing of compliance
Freedom to make decisions and express opinions
113
Self-verification
Motivated to confirm self-concept
Better recall for more consistent self-descriptions
Seek out self-confirming relationships
114
Self-enhancement
Strong tendency to gain and preserve positive image of self
| Contributes to psycho well being
115
Factor Analysis
Find correlations among behaviors
116
Eysenck's model
Extroverted-introverted
Stable-unstable
Later.....
Psychoticism -self control
117
5 factor model
```
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extroversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
```
118
Biological perspective focuses on
- NS
- Genetics
- Evolution
119
Introvert brains are
Over-aroused
120
Extrovert brains are
Under aroused
121
Differences in ANS arousal
Stability-instability
122
Novelty seeking
Related to dopamine (Novel Dope)
123
Example of thought pattern remaining stable
Optimism-pessimism
124
Behavior
Show little stability across situations
125
Self monitors
High
Low
Extreme
126
Low
Attentive to internal beliefs
127
High
Attentive to situational cues
128
Extreme
Very differently in different situations
129
Pros of evaluating trait approach
Focused attention on value of identifying and measuring personality dispositions
130
Cons of trait approach
– ‘Describes’ structure of personality & individual
differences
– Cannot explain underlying psychological
mechanisms
131
Albert Bandura
Behavior not explained by external or internal factors alone
132
Reciprocal determinism
Individual and behavior and environment are linked
133
Expectancy
Likelihood of consequences given behavior
134
Reinforcement
How much we desire/dread consequence
135
Locus of control
General expectancy
136
Internal
Personal control
137
External
Luck, chance, powerful others
138
Internal locus
Self determined
Seek out info and become involved
Sense of personal effectiveness
139
External Locus
Less resistant to social pressures
| Give into powerful others
140
Self efficacy
reflects confidence in the ability to exert control over one's own motivation, behavior, and social environment.
141
Performance attainments
Previous successes or failures
142
Emotional arousal
Arousal that can inhibit or enhance performance
143
Observational Learning
Observing others
144
Verbal Persuasion
Positive or negative messages from others
145
Consistency paradox
Level of consistency in behavior is low
146
Interviews
– Structured set of standardized questions
– Note other behaviours - appearance, speech
patterns etc.
147
Behavior assessment
Need explicit coding system
| Aim is to find behaviour under different conditions
148
Interjudge reliability
High level of agreement among observers
149
Remote behavoural sampling
Sampling behaviour over random time periods
| Allow for data collection that may not be revealed
150
personality scale
Objective measures using standard questions
151
Personality assessment
2 ways to develop
| Rational and empirical
152
Rational
Based on conception of trait
Item seems relevent to trait
NEO PI
Big 5 personality traits
153
Empirical
```
Answered by differing groups
MMPI-2
– 10 clinical scales
– 3 validity scales
Configuration pattern of scales
• Measure personality deviations
• Aspects of personality in people who do not
display disorders
• Screening device in industrial, military settings
```
154
What is normal on mmpi-2 tests
50
155
What is clinically significant
65
156
Projective tests
Think rorshach
157
Rorscach
10 inkplots categorized according to types
| Seeing different things
158
Thematic apperception test
Ambiguous illustrations/photos
| Asked to tell a story
159
Theory
Provides framework
160
Assessment
Provides tools
