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Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

Personality

A

Distinctive and relatively enduring ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that characterize a person’s response to situations

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2
Q

Three factors of personality

A

Identity
Internal Causes
Organized

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3
Q

You are like no one else

A

Identity

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4
Q

Things inside, not the environment

A

Internal Causes

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5
Q

Pattern fits together, has meaning

A

Organized

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6
Q

Psychodynamic perspective

A

Unconscious part of the mind
Powerful influence on behaviour
Physical symptoms appear without physical cause (physical paralysis)

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7
Q

generated by instinctual drives and discharged directly or indirectly

A

Psychic energy

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8
Q

Mental events

A

Conscious
Preconscious
Unconcious

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9
Q

Preconscious?

A

Unaware but can be recalled, memories

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10
Q

Conscious?

A

Are aware of

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11
Q

Unconscious?

A

Wishes, impulses, etc are unaware of

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12
Q

Id?

A

Unconscious
No direct contact with reality
Pleasure principle

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13
Q

Ego

A 
Conscious level
Reality principle
Functions to keep impulses of id in control
Delays gratification
Imparts self-control
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14
Q

Superego?

A

Morality aspect of personality

Controls impulses of id with external control

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15
Q

Weapon of ego
Are distortions of reality
Operate unconsciously
Cause of maladaptive behaviour

A

defence mechanisms

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16
Q

Repression?

A

Thoughts & wishes remain in unconscious

Revealed in slips of the tongue, dreams

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17
Q

Sublimation?

A

Unacceptable impulses presented as socially desirable behaviour
Mask true feelings, wishes
True feelings and desires that aren’t socially acceptable in a way that becomes acceptable

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18
Q

Psychosexual development stages

A

Focuses on specific pleasure-sensitive areas of body

Adult personality is function of progressing through theses stages

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19
Q

Fixation?

A

Arrested development where instincts focused on particular area

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20
Q

Oral stage

A

0-2 years

Fixation=self-indulgence;dependency

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21
Q

Anal stage

A

2-3 years

Fixation = compulsive cleanliness; rigid rules; or messy & dominant

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22
Q

Phallic stage

A

4-6 years
Oedipus complex
Move from sexual attachment to opposite-sex parent to identity with same-sex parent
Milestone in gender identity

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23
Q

Latency stage

A

Period of dormant sexuality

7 years

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24
Q

Genital

A

Puberty

Formation of social and sexual relationships

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25
Q

Neoanalysts

A

Freud failed to recognize social & cultural factors

Overemphasized infantile sexuality

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26
Q

Adler?

A

Motivated by social interest

Place social welfare above personal interests

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27
Q

Striving for superiority

A

Compensate for real/imagined defects

Become more competent

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28
Q

Object relation theorists

A

Focus = mental representations people form of themselves
Become ‘working models’ to interpret social interactions
Can generate self-fulfilling prophecies

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29
Q

Affects attachment styles in adult relationships

A

Secure vs. avoidant vs. anxious-ambivalent

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30
Q

Humanistic approach

A

Reaction to freud

Motivations for behaviour

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31
Q

Reaction to freud

A

Emphasis on role of conscious, creative potential, self-actualization

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32
Q

Motivations for behaviour

A

Maslow & Rogers

Innate tendency towards self-actualization

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33
Q

George Kelly’s Personal Construct Theory

A

Kelly’s primary interest was how people construct reality
Personal constructs
Are cognitive categories which sort the people and events in their lives
The primary basis for individual differences in personality

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34
Q

Threat?

A

Why do people treat me like that? I am a …..

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35
Q

Healthy individuals modify self-concept

A

Healthy individuals modify self-concept
-Not all people find me a good …..
Or can distort reality
-They are just not clever enough to see that I am a good …..

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36
Q

Level of adjustment

A

Degree of congruence between self-concept & experience

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37
Q

Maladjustment

A

Deny or distort reality to be consistent with self-concept

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38
Q

Healthy adjustment

A

Experiences are easily incorporated into self-concept

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39
Q

Need for Positive Regard

A

Innate need for acceptance, sympathy, love

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40
Q

Unconditional Positive Regard

A

Independent of behaviour

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41
Q

Conditional Positive Regard

A

Dependent upon behaviour

Creates ‘conditions of worth

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42
Q

Positive self-regard

A

Experience of being understood & valued gives us freedom to grow

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43
Q

Lack of unconditional positive regard

A

Creates ‘conditions of worth’

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44
Q

Fully functioning persons

A

Self-determined, sense of inner freedom, accept inner & outer experiences as they are

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45
Q

Self esteem

A

How positively or negatively we feel about ourselves

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46
Q

High Self-esteem

A

Fewer interpersonal problems
More capable of forming loving relationships
Achieve at higher level

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47
Q

Poor Self-esteem

A

Anxiety, depression, poor social relationships, underachievement

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48
Q

Unstable / unrealistically high self-esteem

A

More problematic than low self-esteem

May react aggressively when self-esteem threatened

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49
Q

Pursuit of self-esteem

A

Enhanced self-esteem vs. mastery of the goal

Failure is problematic if goal is enhanced self-esteem

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50
Q

Fostering Self esteem

A

Unconditional acceptance and love
Clear guidelines for behaviour
Reinforcement of compliance
Freedom to make decisions and express opinions within guidelines

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51
Q

Self-verification

A

Motivated to confirm self-concept
Better recall for more consistent self-descriptions
Seek out self-confirming relationships

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52
Q

Self-enhancement

A

Strong tendency to gain & preserve positive self-image

Contributes to psychological well-being

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53
Q

Gender schemas

A

Typical male or woman

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54
Q

Males

A

Achievement, strength, self-sufficiency

Individualistic

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55
Q

Females

A

Helpful, kind, self competencies

Collectivist

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56
Q

Evaluation

A

Too much reliance on self reports

Not scientific?

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57
Q

Individuals with low self esteem

A

Success increases their anxiety
Do not have positive experience of success
Do not act to improve their mood
Success brings doubt and anxiety

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58
Q

Introversion

A

Retiring
Reserved
Likes solitary activities
Does not attend parties

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59
Q

Extraversion

A

Outgoing and talkative
Wants many friends
Enjoys parties
Dominates social situations

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60
Q

Factor analysis

A

Find correlations among behaviours

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61
Q

Eysenck’s Extraversion-Stability Model

A

Only two dimensions needed (Extroverted-introverted;stable-unstable)
Added third trait later

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62
Q

Psychoticism

A

Self control

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63
Q

5 factor model

A

O.C.E.A.N

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64
Q

Combining 5 factor model and Eysenck 2 factor?

A

Good at predicting behaviour across broad range

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65
Q

Cattel’s 16 factors

A

Predict behaviour more specifically

66
Q

Biological foundations of personality

A

Nature and nurture influence development

67
Q

Focus on role of?

A

Nervous system
Genetics
Evolution

68
Q

Brains of extreme introverts are?

A

Over aroused

Seek to Minimize stimulation

69
Q

Brains of extreme extroverts?

A

Under-aroused

Seek to maximize stimulation

70
Q

Stability-instability

A

Differences in autonomic nervous system arousal

71
Q

Novelty seeking

A

Related to levels of dopamine

72
Q

Traits and behaviour

A

Show stability and change

73
Q

Traits

A

Activity level tends to remain stable over time

74
Q

Behaviour

A

Show little stability across situations

75
Q

Difficult because of 3 factors

A

Traits interact with other traits
‘Importance’ of trait influences consistency
Variation in ‘self-monitoring’

76
Q

Self monitors

A

High
Low
Extreme

77
Q

High

A

Attentive to situational cues

78
Q

Low

A

Attentive to internal beliefs

79
Q

Extreme

A

Very differently in different situations

80
Q

Pros of evaluating trait approach

A

Focused attention on value of identifying and measuring personality dispositions

81
Q

Cons of evaluating trait approach

A

Describes’ structure of personality & individual differences
Cannot explain underlying psychological mechanisms

82
Q

Albert Bandura

A

Behaviour not explained by external or internal factors alone

83
Q

Reciprocal determinism

A

Individual & behaviour & environment are linked

Influential pattern of 2-way causal links

84
Q

Expectancy & Reinforcement

A

Behaviour governed by 2 factors (Rotter)

85
Q

Expectancy

A

Likelihood of consequences given behaviour

86
Q

Reinforcement

A

How much we desire or dread consequences

87
Q

Locus of control

A

Generalized expectancy

Applies to many aspects of world view

88
Q

Internal

A

Events under personal control

89
Q

External

A

Luck, chance, powerful others

90
Q

Internal locus

A

Self-determined
Seek out information; becoming involved
Sense of personal effectiveness

91
Q

External locus

A

Less resistant to social pressures

Give into “powerful” others

92
Q

Performance attainments

A

Previous successes or failures

93
Q

Emotional arousal

A

Arousal that can inhibit or enhance performance

94
Q

Observational learning

A

Observing others

95
Q

Verbal persuasion

A

Positive or negative messages from others

96
Q

Oral Stage

A

0-2 years

Fixation based on self indulgence; dependency

97
Q

Anal Stage

A

2-3 years

Fixation based on compulsive cleanliness; rigid rules; or messy and dominant

98
Q

Phallic stage

A

4-6 years
Oedipus complex
Move from sexual attachment to opposite-sex parent to identity with same sex parent
Milestone in gender identity

99
Q

Latency stage

A

Puberty - 7 years

Period of dormant sexuality

100
Q

Genital stage

A

Puberty+

Formation of social and sexual relationships

101
Q

Carl Rogers Self Theory

A

Made of self consistency and congruence

Organized principles about oneself

102
Q

Consistency among self perceptions

A

Self consistency

103
Q

Consistency between self perceptions and experience

A

Congruence

104
Q

Maladjustment

A

Deny/distort reality to be consistent with self concept

105
Q

Healthy adjustment

A

Experiences are easily incorporated into self concept

106
Q

Need for positive regard

A

Acceptance, sympathy and love

107
Q

Unconditional positive regard

A

Independent of behaviour

108
Q

Conditional Positive Regard

A

Dependent upon behavior

109
Q

Positive self-regard

A

Experience of being understood and valued gives us freedom to grow

110
Q

Lack of unconditional positive regard

A

Creates conditions of worth

111
Q

Fully functioning persons

A

Self-determined, sense of inner freedom, accept inner and outer experiences as they are

112
Q

What fosters self esteem?

A

Unconditional acceptance and love
Guidelines for behavior
Reinforcing of compliance
Freedom to make decisions and express opinions

113
Q

Self-verification

A

Motivated to confirm self-concept
Better recall for more consistent self-descriptions
Seek out self-confirming relationships

114
Q

Self-enhancement

A

Strong tendency to gain and preserve positive image of self

Contributes to psycho well being

115
Q

Factor Analysis

A

Find correlations among behaviors

116
Q

Eysenck’s model

A

Extroverted-introverted
Stable-unstable
Later…..
Psychoticism -self control

117
Q

5 factor model

A 
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extroversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
118
Q

Biological perspective focuses on

A
  • NS
  • Genetics
  • Evolution
119
Q

Introvert brains are

A

Over-aroused

120
Q

Extrovert brains are

A

Under aroused

121
Q

Differences in ANS arousal

A

Stability-instability

122
Q

Novelty seeking

A

Related to dopamine (Novel Dope)

123
Q

Example of thought pattern remaining stable

A

Optimism-pessimism

124
Q

Behavior

A

Show little stability across situations

125
Q

Self monitors

A

High
Low
Extreme

126
Q

Low

A

Attentive to internal beliefs

127
Q

High

A

Attentive to situational cues

128
Q

Extreme

A

Very differently in different situations

129
Q

Pros of evaluating trait approach

A

Focused attention on value of identifying and measuring personality dispositions

130
Q

Cons of trait approach

A

– ‘Describes’ structure of personality & individual
differences
– Cannot explain underlying psychological
mechanisms

131
Q

Albert Bandura

A

Behavior not explained by external or internal factors alone

132
Q

Reciprocal determinism

A

Individual and behavior and environment are linked

133
Q

Expectancy

A

Likelihood of consequences given behavior

134
Q

Reinforcement

A

How much we desire/dread consequence

135
Q

Locus of control

A

General expectancy

136
Q

Internal

A

Personal control

137
Q

External

A

Luck, chance, powerful others

138
Q

Internal locus

A

Self determined
Seek out info and become involved
Sense of personal effectiveness

139
Q

External Locus

A

Less resistant to social pressures

Give into powerful others

140
Q

Self efficacy

A

reflects confidence in the ability to exert control over one’s own motivation, behavior, and social environment.

141
Q

Performance attainments

A

Previous successes or failures

142
Q

Emotional arousal

A

Arousal that can inhibit or enhance performance

143
Q

Observational Learning

A

Observing others

144
Q

Verbal Persuasion

A

Positive or negative messages from others

145
Q

Consistency paradox

A

Level of consistency in behavior is low

146
Q

Interviews

A

– Structured set of standardized questions
– Note other behaviours - appearance, speech
patterns etc.

147
Q

Behavior assessment

A

Need explicit coding system

Aim is to find behaviour under different conditions

148
Q

Interjudge reliability

A

High level of agreement among observers

149
Q

Remote behavoural sampling

A

Sampling behaviour over random time periods

Allow for data collection that may not be revealed

150
Q

personality scale

A

Objective measures using standard questions

151
Q

Personality assessment

A

2 ways to develop

Rational and empirical

152
Q

Rational

A

Based on conception of trait
Item seems relevent to trait
NEO PI
Big 5 personality traits

153
Q

Empirical

A 
Answered by differing groups
MMPI-2
– 10 clinical scales
– 3 validity scales
Configuration pattern of scales
• Measure personality deviations
• Aspects of personality in people who do not
display disorders
• Screening device in industrial, military settings
154
Q

What is normal on mmpi-2 tests

A

50

155
Q

What is clinically significant

A

65

156
Q

Projective tests

A

Think rorshach

157
Q

Rorscach

A

10 inkplots categorized according to types

Seeing different things

158
Q

Thematic apperception test

A

Ambiguous illustrations/photos

Asked to tell a story

159
Q

Theory

A

Provides framework

160
Q

Assessment

A

Provides tools

Psych 105 (5 decks)

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