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Psych 105 > Language and Thinking > Flashcards

Language and Thinking Flashcards

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1
Q

Learning a second language?

A

Bilingualism

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2
Q

Knowing your own cognitive abilities?

A

Meta cognition

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3
Q

What is generative and permits displacement?

A

Language

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4
Q

Symbolic, structure and generativity are all?

A

A part of language

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5
Q

Using of sounds, signs and gestures as well as forming and transferring mental representations?

A

Symbolic

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6
Q

Rule governed structures and symbols combined to create meaningful units?

A

Structure

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7
Q

Symbols combined to generate infinite number of messages that have novel meaning?

A

Generativity

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8
Q

Language allows us to communicate about events and objects that aren’t present physically?

A

Displacement

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9
Q

What is syntax?

A

Rules for combinations (grammar)

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10
Q

What is semantics?

A

Specific rules for connecting symbols (basically meaning)

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11
Q

Smallest sound unit recognized as separate in a given language?

A

Phonemes

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12
Q

How many phonemes are there in the english language?

A

46

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13
Q

Smallest units of MEANING

A

Morphemes (think the morphing of phonemes)

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14
Q

What determines how phonemes combine into morphemes?

A

Syntax

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15
Q

Human language structure?

A
  1. Phoneme
  2. Morpheme
  3. Words
  4. Phrases
  5. Sentence
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16
Q

Individual elements analyzed and combined to create unified perception?

A

Bottom up

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17
Q

Sensory info interpreted in light of existing knowledge, concepts, ideas, and expectations

A

Top down

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18
Q

Speech segmentation?

A

Perceiving where each word within a spoken sentence begins and ends

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19
Q

Pragmatics?

A

Knowledge of practical aspects of using language

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20
Q

Speech production happens in?

A

Broca’s area

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21
Q

Speech comprehension happens in?

A

Wernicke’s area

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22
Q

Aphasia is?

A

Damange to the Broca’s or Wernicke’s area

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23
Q

Left hemispheric damage?

A

Affects men more than women

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24
Q

Males?

A

Activation of left hemisphere

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25
Q

Females?

A

Activation of both hemispheres

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26
Q

1-3 months age will?

A

Vocalize entire range of phonemes

27
Q

Discriminating sounds specific to native language?

A

ages 6-12 months

28
Q

What is the critical period for sound development?

A

Two months

29
Q

Language distribution is?

A

Very different

30
Q

High pitched form of speech?

A

Motherese

31
Q

Operant conditioning?

A

Positive reinforcment of appropriate language

32
Q

Evidence against operant conditioning?

A

Children learn words quickly

Parents don’t correct grammar

33
Q

Social factors in the environment that facilitate language learning

A

LASS

34
Q

Vocabulary bursts occur at

A

18 months

35
Q

Expressing a proposition statement of facts?

A

Propositional thought

36
Q

Consists of images we “see”, “hear” and “feel”

A

Imaginal thought

37
Q

Relates to mental representations of motor movements?

A

Motoric thought

38
Q

Power of pure thought?

A

Thinking

39
Q

Example of proposition?

A

Students ARE intelligent people

40
Q

Most elementary method of forming concepts

-early concepts

A

Prototypes

41
Q

Influence decisions?

A

Propositions

42
Q

Reason from general principles to a conclusion

A

Deductive reasoning

43
Q

Inductive reasoning?

A

Start with specific facts and try to develop general principle

44
Q

Elementary method of forming concepts

A

Prototypes

45
Q

Not focusing on relevant info

A

Distraction

46
Q

Abandoning logic for personal beliefs

A

Belief bias

47
Q

Idea that the same info, problem or options can be structured and presented in different ways

A

Emotions/framing

48
Q

Framing?

A

Mental representation

49
Q

Optimal framing?

A

better chance for solutions

50
Q

Which procedures and explanations are considered

A

Generating solutions

51
Q

Mental set?

A

Tendency to stick to solutions that worked in the past

52
Q

Experts are?

A

Better than novices at applying schemas

53
Q

Formulas that generate correct solutions?

A

Algorithms

54
Q

Heuristics?

A

General problem solving strategies and mental shortcuts

55
Q

Defining a subgoal that is hoped to be achieved, and comparing with the current situation in order to make changes to achieve the goal

A

Means End Analysis

56
Q

Forming subgoals toward a solution

A

Subgoal analysis

57
Q

How closely something fits “prototype” for a concept

A

Representative heuristic

58
Q

Judgments is based on fresh information in the memory

A

Ex: Think watching videos of bears and getting fearful on a walk the next day

59
Q

Comfirmation bias?

A

Looking for evidence confirming only your beliefs

ignorance to info

60
Q

Original thinking and novel ideas

A

Divergent thinking

61
Q

Functional fixedness?

A

Being blinded to new ways of using an object

62
Q

Incubation?

A

Creative solutions pop into ones mind after one has stopped thinking about it for a while

63
Q

System of knowledge about life conduct

A

Wisdom

Psych 105 (5 decks)

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