Language and Thinking Flashcards
Learning a second language?
Bilingualism
Knowing your own cognitive abilities?
Meta cognition
What is generative and permits displacement?
Language
Symbolic, structure and generativity are all?
A part of language
Using of sounds, signs and gestures as well as forming and transferring mental representations?
Symbolic
Rule governed structures and symbols combined to create meaningful units?
Structure
Symbols combined to generate infinite number of messages that have novel meaning?
Generativity
Language allows us to communicate about events and objects that aren’t present physically?
Displacement
What is syntax?
Rules for combinations (grammar)
What is semantics?
Specific rules for connecting symbols (basically meaning)
Smallest sound unit recognized as separate in a given language?
Phonemes
How many phonemes are there in the english language?
46
Smallest units of MEANING
Morphemes (think the morphing of phonemes)
What determines how phonemes combine into morphemes?
Syntax
Human language structure?
- Phoneme
- Morpheme
- Words
- Phrases
- Sentence
Individual elements analyzed and combined to create unified perception?
Bottom up
Sensory info interpreted in light of existing knowledge, concepts, ideas, and expectations
Top down
Speech segmentation?
Perceiving where each word within a spoken sentence begins and ends
Pragmatics?
Knowledge of practical aspects of using language
Speech production happens in?
Broca’s area
Speech comprehension happens in?
Wernicke’s area
Aphasia is?
Damange to the Broca’s or Wernicke’s area
Left hemispheric damage?
Affects men more than women
Males?
Activation of left hemisphere
Females?
Activation of both hemispheres
1-3 months age will?
Vocalize entire range of phonemes
Discriminating sounds specific to native language?
ages 6-12 months
What is the critical period for sound development?
Two months
Language distribution is?
Very different
High pitched form of speech?
Motherese
Operant conditioning?
Positive reinforcment of appropriate language
Evidence against operant conditioning?
Children learn words quickly
Parents don’t correct grammar
Social factors in the environment that facilitate language learning
LASS
Vocabulary bursts occur at
18 months
Expressing a proposition statement of facts?
Propositional thought
Consists of images we “see”, “hear” and “feel”
Imaginal thought
Relates to mental representations of motor movements?
Motoric thought
Power of pure thought?
Thinking
Example of proposition?
Students ARE intelligent people
Most elementary method of forming concepts
-early concepts
Prototypes
Influence decisions?
Propositions
Reason from general principles to a conclusion
Deductive reasoning
Inductive reasoning?
Start with specific facts and try to develop general principle
Elementary method of forming concepts
Prototypes
Not focusing on relevant info
Distraction
Abandoning logic for personal beliefs
Belief bias
Idea that the same info, problem or options can be structured and presented in different ways
Emotions/framing
Framing?
Mental representation
Optimal framing?
better chance for solutions
Which procedures and explanations are considered
Generating solutions
Mental set?
Tendency to stick to solutions that worked in the past
Experts are?
Better than novices at applying schemas
Formulas that generate correct solutions?
Algorithms
Heuristics?
General problem solving strategies and mental shortcuts
Defining a subgoal that is hoped to be achieved, and comparing with the current situation in order to make changes to achieve the goal
Means End Analysis
Forming subgoals toward a solution
Subgoal analysis
How closely something fits “prototype” for a concept
Representative heuristic
Judgments is based on fresh information in the memory
Ex: Think watching videos of bears and getting fearful on a walk the next day
Comfirmation bias?
Looking for evidence confirming only your beliefs
ignorance to info
Original thinking and novel ideas
Divergent thinking
Functional fixedness?
Being blinded to new ways of using an object
Incubation?
Creative solutions pop into ones mind after one has stopped thinking about it for a while
System of knowledge about life conduct
Wisdom
