Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psych 108 > Personality > Flashcards

Personality Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

What are the two major drives Freud thought were the primary motivating forces of human behaviour?

A

Sex and aggression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are Freud’s three parts of consciousness?

A

Conscious Level - normal awareness

Preconcious level - easily brought to consciousness

Unconscious level - hidden thoughts and desires

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the three parts of personality according to Freud?

A

• The Id

  • Unconscious level
  • Present at birth
  • Home to sexual and aggressive drive,
  • Governed by the pleasure principle

• The Ego

  • Conscious, preconscious, and unconscious levels
  • Develops in childhood (before superego)
  • Cognitive functions – problem solving etc
  • Acts as a referee between id and superego
  • Governed by the reality principle

• The Superego

  • Preconscious and unconscious levels
  • Develops in childhood
  • Home to morality and conscience
  • ego ideal – ultimate standard.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are Freud’s thoughts on personality development?

A
  • We must pass through psychosexual stages successfully
  • Each stage focuses on how we receive pleasure
  • Failure to pass through a stage leads to fixation
  • In times of stress, we regress to that stage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are Freud’s 5 Psychosexual stages?

A 
•	Oral stage (birth to 1 year)
•	Anal stage (1 to 3 years)
•	Phallic stage (3 to 6 years) (Oedipus and Electra)
-	Oedipus and Electra complexes
•	Latency period (6 to puberty)
•	Genital stage (puberty +)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Freud: Defence Mechanisms

name 3 of the 8 and give a description of how it works

A
  • Denial
    threatening thoughts are denied outright and truly believed.
  • Intellectualization
    threatening thoughts or emotions are kept at arm’s length by thinking about them rationally and logically
  • Projection
    threatening thoughts are projected onto (attributed to) others
  • Rationalization
    creating explanations to justify threatening thoughts or actions
  • Reaction formation
    unconciously changing an unacceptable feeling into its opposite
  • Repression
    anxiety-provoking thoughts, impulses and memories are prevented from entering consciousness
  • Sublimation
    threatening impulses are directed into more socially acceptable activities
  • Undoing
    your actions try to ‘undo’ a threatening wish or thought
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what do each of Freud’s followers believe?
Carl Jung
Alfred Adler
Karen Horney

A

Carl Jung
- collective unconscious for all humans
- Stored in the collective unconscious are Archetypes like God, the mother and the shadow
Alfred Adler
- Strive for superiority - source for all motivation instead of sex and agression
-Inferiority complex
Karen Horney
- Basic anxiety - when parents don’t provide consistent interest, warmth and respect in early childhood.
- Privilege envy not penis envy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are some critiques of Freud’s theory?

A

Not scientific - hard to test
Too broad - claims are hard to falsify
Based in limited sample - female patients of upper class in 19th century Vienna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe situationism

A

situationism, a person’s behaviour is mostly governed by the particular situation, not by internal traits.
Situationism recognizes that people create their own situations because of who they are.
Natalie is basically a shy person who avoids conflict. When someone tried to grab her
cellphone when she was waiting at a bus stop, she fought back by hitting her assailant
until they ran away. Theorists would say that this departure from Natalie’s normal
personality was due to situationism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Trait view

A

We think and behave consistently across situations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Situationist view

A

Our thoughts and behaviours change with the situation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Interactionist view

A

Both traits and situations affect thoughts and behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

• Trait theorists all have the following ideas in common

A
  • We possess broad predispositions – traits.
  • High levels of a trait - tendencies to behave in certain ways.
  • Direct correspondence between performance on trait-related actions and possession of trait.
  • Human behaviour and personality organised into a hierarchy.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does OCEAN stand for?

A 
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 3 personality dimensions identified by Hans Eysenck?

A

Extraversion
Neuroticism
Psychoticism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the some of the 16 personality dimensions identified by Raymond Cattell?

A 
Reserved - outgoing
less intelligent - more intelligent
affected by feelings - emotionally stable
submissive - dominant
serious - happy-go-lucky
expedient - conscientious
timid - venturesome
tough minded - sensitive
trusting - suspicious
17
Q

What are the Big Five?

A 
Extraversion
Neuroticism
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Openness
18
Q

idiographic procedures

A

specific to the individual

19
Q

nomothetic procedures

A

population level of personality traits

20
Q

what are some types of personality tests (idiographic)

A

Interviews
- structured set of questions
- focus on specific thoughts ans behaviours
Pros of interviews: give very in depth personal information.
Cons: hard to generalise beyond the interview setting. Relies on honesty

Observation

  • looking at behaviour of someone than what they say what they do
  • best if the judge knows the subject
  • several observations over different periods
21
Q

When would you be benefited by using an interview technique?

A

Job interview -cost effective
a lot of detail about that person
will you work well with them.

more expensive in a research to do an interview than to give 100 people a questionere

22
Q

nomothetic personality inventories

A

Questionnaires

  • computer: fast, inexpensive
  • used to create personality profile
    con: Social response bias
23
Q

Mini-IPIP6 personality survey

A

longitudinal study
similar to the Big 5 with the addition of humility.

“am I the life of the party?”

response to questions used to calculate personality types.

Use negatives of questions to catch out people who are answering in socially desirable ways

Series of questions put in to catch out lies “I’ve never told a lie”

24
Q

Rorschach Test

A

Ink blot test:
Participant is shown one at a time 10 ink blots and asked to say the first thing that comes to mind.
The judge will use a scoring system to make up a personality profile.
The ink blots are ambiguous and therefore reduce any form of social response bias
Cons: Several scoring systems are used

25
Q

TAT test

A

Participant is shown several cards of ambiguous scenes and asked to tell a story describing the scene, including what is happening, how the characters are feeling, and how the story will end. The examiner then scores the test based on the needs, motivations, and anxieties of the main character as well as how the story eventually turns out

26
Q

Decribe possible influences of genetics on personality

A

Heritability is at a population level rated between 0-1. 1 being heritable, 0 environment.
.5 for work and leisure interests
.44-.8 for happiness
Remember - heritability refers to populations, not individuals.
Heritability estimates are not fixed – changes in environment or in the gene pool can increase or decrease the percentage contribution of either factor

27
Q

Describe the Minnesota twin study and the results

A

Over 100 twin pairs from all over the world (identical and non identical).
Separated mostly during childhood.
Typically for most of their lives until that point.
1 week of testing (Psych & Medical).

Limitations: even though they were raised in different environments the environments were so similar that it was hard to establish if it was environment that affected the traits.

28
Q

Discuss the role of gender on personality

A

Female

More empathic
More neurotic
Greater social connectedness

Male

Greater individuality
More aggressive
More assertive

Research was based on male and female and not to people identifying as non-binary

Personality differences between males and females is not very large. E.g. the difference between most extraverted female and least extraverted female will be greater than the extravetiedness of males and females.
Socialisation: Young girls are encouraged to play together and have tea parties, boys are encouraged to be competitive and outgoing
Social desirability: males more aggressive than females, but not actually a large difference. Male aggression may be more physically evident

People’s expectations affect how people grow. These differences are more likely to affect a persons personality than hereditary or gender

29
Q

Discuss the role of family and birth order on personality

A

First born and only children:
More responsible, ambitious, organised, academically successful, energetic, self-disciplined, conscientious

More temperamental, more anxious about their status

More assertive, dominant

More agreeable to parental authority

Middle child:
More rebellious and impulsive, Less conscientious

Less closely identified with family, Less likely to report having been loved as a child

Less likely to ask for parental help in an emergency, More likely to live farther from parents and less likely to visit parents

More competitive

Youngest child:
More agreeable and warmer, More tender-minded, easy-going, trusting, accommodating, altruistic

More adventurous, prone to fantasy, attracted by novelty, untraditional

More sociable,
affectionate, excitement-seeking, fun-loving

More self-conscious (Saroglou & Fiasse, 2003; Sulloway, 1996)

More open to new ideas and excel to difference

30
Q

Personality and culture

A

Measuring personality is by language, thus making comparison across culture is difficult
Possible that the word or trait doesn’t exist (isn’t used)
e.g. Agreeableness: hard to find equivalent in mandarin

Collectivist culture may score higher on agreeableness as their brought up in a culture where it is important for groups to have similar goals. Compared with individualist cultures where you believe that your idea is better than others.

Psych 108 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions