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Psych - 11th Grade > Personality - 5 Steps > Flashcards

Personality - 5 Steps Flashcards

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1
Q

Personality

A

A set of unique behaviors, attitudes, and emotions that characterize a particular individual

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2
Q

Idiographic methods

A

personality assessment techniques that look at the individual, such as case studies, interviews, and naturalistic observations.

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3
Q

Nomothetic methods

A

personality assessment techniques such as tests, surveys, and observations that focus on variables at the group level, identifying universal trait dimensions or relationships between different aspects of personality.

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4
Q

Biological approach

A

examines the extent to which heredity determines our personality

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5
Q

Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic approach

A

originated with Sigmund Freud, who emphasized unconcious motivations and conflicts, and the importance of early childhood experiences

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6
Q

Freud’s conscious

A

includes everything we are aware of

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7
Q

Freud’s preconscious

A

contains information and feelings we can easily recall

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8
Q

Freud’s unconscious

A

contains wishes, impulses, memories, and feelings generally inaccessible to conscious

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9
Q

id (unconscious)

A

irrational, self-centered; guided by the pleasure principle

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10
Q

ego

A

mediates between id and superego; guided by reality principle

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11
Q

superego

A

conscience that makes us feel guilty or feel pride

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12
Q

defense mechanisms

A

extreme measures protect the ego from threats; operate unconciously and deny, falsify or distort reality.

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13
Q

repression

A

most powerful and most frequently used

pushing away of threatening thoughts, feelings, and memories into the unconscious mind; unconscious forgetting

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14
Q

regression

A

retreating to an earlier level of development chracterized by more immature, pleasurable behavior

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15
Q

rationalization

A

offering socially acceptable reasons for our inappropriate behavior; making unconscious excuses

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16
Q

projection

A

attributing our own undesirable thoughts, feelings, or actions to others

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17
Q

displacement

A

shifting unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or actions from a more threatening person or object to another less threatening person or object

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18
Q

reaction formation

A

acting in a manner exactly opposite of our true feelings

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19
Q

sublimation

A

redirecting unacceptable sexual or aggressive impulses into more socially acceptable behaviors

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20
Q

oral stage

A

pleasure from sucking - oral fixation; oral-dependent personalities are gullible, overeaters and passive
oral-aggressive are sarcastic and argumentative

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21
Q

anal stage

A

pleasure from holding in or letting go of feces - conflict is toilet training - anal fixation; anal-retentive are OCD
anal-expulsive are messy and disorganized

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22
Q

phallic stage

A

pleasure from self-stimulation of genitals; conflict is castration anxiety or penis envy

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23
Q

latency stage

A

suppressed sexuality, developments of feelings of inferiority

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24
Q

genital stage

A

adolescent to adulthood; pleasure from intercourse and intimacy with another person

25
Q

halo effect

A

tendency to generalize a favorable impression to unrelated dimensions of the subject’s personality

26
Q

hawthorn effect

A

when people know that they are being observed, they chnage their behavior to what they think the observer expects or to make themselves look good

27
Q

self-concept

A

our overall view of our abilities, behavior and personality

28
Q

self-esteem

A

one part of our self-concept or how we evaluate ourselves

29
Q

Jung’s collective unconscious

A

the powerful and influential system that contains universal memories and idea that all people have inherited from ancestors over the course of evolution

30
Q

archetypes

A

inherited memories or common themes found in all cultures, religions, and literature

31
Q

individuation

A

psychological process by which we become an individual; a unified whole, including conscious and unconsious processes

32
Q

Adler

A

social interest is the primary determinant of personality

we strive for superiority

33
Q

Horney

A

attached Freud’s male bias and suggested men have womb envy

34
Q

humanistic approach

A

humans are good and strive for positive personal growth

35
Q

Maslow’s self-actualization

A

reaching torward the best person we can be

36
Q

unconditional positive regard

A

acceptance and love from others independent of how we behave

37
Q

behavioral approach

A

according to skinner, our history of reinforcement shapes or behavior, which is our personality

38
Q

cognitive/social approach

A

human nature is basically neutral and we are shaped by our perceptions of the world

39
Q

Kelly’s personal construct theory

A

looks at how we develop bipolar mental constructs to judge and predict others’ behavior

40
Q

reciprocal determinism

A

states that 3 types of factors all affect one another in explaining our behavior:

  • personality chracteristics and cognitive processes
  • frequency and intensity of actions
  • stimuli from social or physical environment
41
Q

self-efficacy

A

belief that we can perform behaviors that are necessary to accomplish tasks and that we are competent

42
Q

collective efficacy

A

our perception that with collaborative effort our group will obtain its desired outcome

43
Q

trait theory

A

trait is a relatively permanent characterisitic of our personality that can be used to predict our behavior

44
Q

cardinal trait

A

defining characteristic, in a small number of us, that dominates and shapes all our behavior

45
Q

central trait

A

general characteristic; between 5 and 10 of these shape much our behavior

46
Q

secondary trait

A

a characteristic apparent in only certain situations, our unique pattern of traits setermines our behavior

47
Q

factor analysis

A

a statistical procedure that identifies common factors among groups of items

48
Q

extroversion

A

measures our sociability and tendency to pay attention to the external environment

49
Q

neuroticism

A

measures our level of instability as opposed to stability

50
Q

psychoticism

A

measures our level of tough-mindedness as oppossed to tender-mindedness

51
Q

surface traits

A

hundreds of visible areas of personality

52
Q

source traits

A

underlie personality characteristics

53
Q

projective personality tests

A

presenting ambiguous stimuli, with the assumption that test takes will prject their unconscious thoughts or feelings onto that stimuli

54
Q

self-report methods

A

answering a series of questions about yourself; most common personality assessment techniques

55
Q

incongruence

A

difference between real self and ideal self

56
Q

personal constructs

A

we make hypotheses about our social reality

57
Q

collectivism

A

primary identification of an individual as a member of a group and goals of the group as one’s own goals

58
Q

behavioral signatures

A

consistent ways of responding in similar situations that characterize our personality

Psych - 11th Grade (4 decks)

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