Personality - 5 Steps

Question 1

Personality

Answer 1

A set of unique behaviors, attitudes, and emotions that characterize a particular individual

Question 2

Idiographic methods

Answer 2

personality assessment techniques that look at the individual, such as case studies, interviews, and naturalistic observations.

Question 3

Nomothetic methods

Answer 3

personality assessment techniques such as tests, surveys, and observations that focus on variables at the group level, identifying universal trait dimensions or relationships between different aspects of personality.

Question 4

Biological approach

Answer 4

examines the extent to which heredity determines our personality

Question 5

Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic approach

Answer 5

originated with Sigmund Freud, who emphasized unconcious motivations and conflicts, and the importance of early childhood experiences

Question 6

Freud’s conscious

Answer 6

includes everything we are aware of

Question 7

Freud’s preconscious

Answer 7

contains information and feelings we can easily recall

Question 8

Freud’s unconscious

Answer 8

contains wishes, impulses, memories, and feelings generally inaccessible to conscious

Question 9

id (unconscious)

Answer 9

irrational, self-centered; guided by the pleasure principle

Question 10

ego

Answer 10

mediates between id and superego; guided by reality principle

Question 11

superego

Answer 11

conscience that makes us feel guilty or feel pride

Question 12

defense mechanisms

Answer 12

extreme measures protect the ego from threats; operate unconciously and deny, falsify or distort reality.

Question 13

repression

Answer 13

most powerful and most frequently used

pushing away of threatening thoughts, feelings, and memories into the unconscious mind; unconscious forgetting

Question 14

regression

Answer 14

retreating to an earlier level of development chracterized by more immature, pleasurable behavior

Question 15

rationalization

Answer 15

offering socially acceptable reasons for our inappropriate behavior; making unconscious excuses

Question 16

projection

Answer 16

attributing our own undesirable thoughts, feelings, or actions to others

Question 17

displacement

Answer 17

shifting unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or actions from a more threatening person or object to another less threatening person or object

Question 18

reaction formation

Answer 18

acting in a manner exactly opposite of our true feelings

Question 19

sublimation

Answer 19

redirecting unacceptable sexual or aggressive impulses into more socially acceptable behaviors

Question 20

oral stage

Answer 20

pleasure from sucking - oral fixation; oral-dependent personalities are gullible, overeaters and passive
oral-aggressive are sarcastic and argumentative

Question 21

anal stage

Answer 21

pleasure from holding in or letting go of feces - conflict is toilet training - anal fixation; anal-retentive are OCD
anal-expulsive are messy and disorganized

Question 22

phallic stage

Answer 22

pleasure from self-stimulation of genitals; conflict is castration anxiety or penis envy

Question 23

latency stage

Answer 23

suppressed sexuality, developments of feelings of inferiority

Question 24

genital stage

Answer 24

adolescent to adulthood; pleasure from intercourse and intimacy with another person

Question 25

halo effect

Answer 25

tendency to generalize a favorable impression to unrelated dimensions of the subject's personality

Question 26

hawthorn effect

Answer 26

when people know that they are being observed, they chnage their behavior to what they think the observer expects or to make themselves look good

Question 27

self-concept

Answer 27

our overall view of our abilities, behavior and personality

Question 28

self-esteem

Answer 28

one part of our self-concept or how we evaluate ourselves

Question 29

Jung's collective unconscious

Answer 29

the powerful and influential system that contains universal memories and idea that all people have inherited from ancestors over the course of evolution

Question 30

archetypes

Answer 30

inherited memories or common themes found in all cultures, religions, and literature

Question 31

individuation

Answer 31

psychological process by which we become an individual; a unified whole, including conscious and unconsious processes

Question 32

Adler

Answer 32

social interest is the primary determinant of personality | we strive for superiority

Question 33

Horney

Answer 33

attached Freud's male bias and suggested men have womb envy

Question 34

humanistic approach

Answer 34

humans are good and strive for positive personal growth

Question 35

Maslow's self-actualization

Answer 35

reaching torward the best person we can be

Question 36

unconditional positive regard

Answer 36

acceptance and love from others independent of how we behave

Question 37

behavioral approach

Answer 37

according to skinner, our history of reinforcement shapes or behavior, which is our personality

Question 38

cognitive/social approach

Answer 38

human nature is basically neutral and we are shaped by our perceptions of the world

Question 39

Kelly's personal construct theory

Answer 39

looks at how we develop bipolar mental constructs to judge and predict others' behavior

Question 40

reciprocal determinism

Answer 40

states that 3 types of factors all affect one another in explaining our behavior: - personality chracteristics and cognitive processes - frequency and intensity of actions - stimuli from social or physical environment

Question 41

self-efficacy

Answer 41

belief that we can perform behaviors that are necessary to accomplish tasks and that we are competent

Question 42

collective efficacy

Answer 42

our perception that with collaborative effort our group will obtain its desired outcome

Question 43

trait theory

Answer 43

trait is a relatively permanent characterisitic of our personality that can be used to predict our behavior

Question 44

cardinal trait

Answer 44

defining characteristic, in a small number of us, that dominates and shapes all our behavior

Question 45

central trait

Answer 45

general characteristic; between 5 and 10 of these shape much our behavior

Question 46

secondary trait

Answer 46

a characteristic apparent in only certain situations, our unique pattern of traits setermines our behavior

Question 47

factor analysis

Answer 47

a statistical procedure that identifies common factors among groups of items

Question 48

extroversion

Answer 48

measures our sociability and tendency to pay attention to the external environment

Question 49

neuroticism

Answer 49

measures our level of instability as opposed to stability

Question 50

psychoticism

Answer 50

measures our level of tough-mindedness as oppossed to tender-mindedness

Question 51

surface traits

Answer 51

hundreds of visible areas of personality

Question 52

source traits

Answer 52

underlie personality characteristics

Question 53

projective personality tests

Answer 53

presenting ambiguous stimuli, with the assumption that test takes will prject their unconscious thoughts or feelings onto that stimuli

Question 54

self-report methods

Answer 54

answering a series of questions about yourself; most common personality assessment techniques

Question 55

incongruence

Answer 55

difference between real self and ideal self

Question 56

personal constructs

Answer 56

we make hypotheses about our social reality

Question 57

collectivism

Answer 57

primary identification of an individual as a member of a group and goals of the group as one's own goals

Question 58

behavioral signatures

Answer 58

consistent ways of responding in similar situations that characterize our personality