Memory Processes - Cognition Flashcards
Attention
Involves focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events
Selective listening
Listening for when your name is called or hearing something from someone else, not the person you’re talking to
Cocktail party effect
Ability to selectively attend to one voice among many
Selective viewing
When you’re focused on one thing and don’t see another (unseen gorilla)
Automatic processing
Unconscious coding of incidental information, such as space, fine and frequency or well learned info like work meanings
LITTLE OR NO EFFORT REQUIRED
Effortful processing
Encoding that requires attention and conscious processing
Rehearsal
The conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage
Overlearning
Refers to continued rehearsal of material after you first appear to have mastered it
Spacing effect
The tendency for distributed study or practice to have better results than cramming
Serial position effect (primacy and recency)
Our tendency to recall best the first and last items in a list
(Primacy and recency effect)
Self-reference effect
Involves deciding how or whether info is personally relevant
**We remember info better if we relate it to ourselves
Elaboration
Process of thinking about an item of info and tie it mentally back to other information in memory to help encode it long-term
Imagery
Mental pictures, powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when semantic encoding is used too
Dual-coding theory
Memory is enhanced by forming semantic and visual codes
Chunking
Organizing items into familiar meaningful units/lists
Often occurs automatically
