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Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

Personality

A

The thoughts, feelings and behaviours that make an individual unique

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2
Q

Temperament

A

The genetic component of personality

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3
Q

Longitudinal Study

A

A study carried out over a long period of time to show how behaviour changes

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4
Q

Thomas, Chess and Birch Aim:

A

TO discover whether ways of responding to the environment remain the same throughout life

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5
Q

Thomas, Chess and Birch Method:

A

133 children, studied from childhood to early adulthood. They’re observed and parents are interviewed

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6
Q

Thomas, Chess and Birch Results:

A

They are put into easy difficult and slow to warm up depending on how they reacted. This stayed with them throughout life

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7
Q

Thomas, Chess and Birch conclusion:

A

Temperament is innate

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8
Q

Thomas, Chess and Birch evaluation points (3):

A

Longitudinal study so participants may drop out.
Longitudinal study so reliable in showing results whether temperament is innate.
The children were from middle class families in New York so they may not have been representative of the population.
Low ecological validity as interviewed parents may have given socially desirable answers.
Okay sample size so may have been representative of the population.

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9
Q

Buss and Plomin Aim:

A

To test to see whether temperament is innate

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10
Q

Buss and Plomin Method:

A

They studied 228 pairs of Monozygotic twins and 172 pairs of diozygotic. They then studied their temperament based on: Emotionality, Activity and Sociability and compared between the twins.

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11
Q

Buss and Plomin Results:

A

There was a closer correlation between the monozygotic twins.

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12
Q

Buss and Plomin Conclusion:

A

Temperament has a genetic basis.

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13
Q

Buss and Plomin Evaluation points (3):

A

The study supports the view that temperament is innate as Monozygotic twins are genetically identical and had a similar correlation compared to the Diozygotic twins who are not.
Monozygotic twins are usually treated very similar so that may have affected the result.
Research carried out about twins cannot be generalised to the whole population as not everyone is a twin.
The study had a good sample size so this may be more representative to the population.

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14
Q

Monozygotic twins

A

Twins developed from one fertilised egg

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15
Q

Diozygotic twins

A

Twins developed from two separately fertilised eggs

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16
Q

Kagan and Snidman Aim:

A

To investigate whether temperament is due to biological differences.

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17
Q

Kagan and Snidman Method:

A

They studied 500 babies and how they react to new situations through being shown toys by different people.

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18
Q

Kagan and Snidman Results:

A

The babies were placed into two categories, low and high reactive depending on how they reacted to the situations. Then 11 years later the participants still fell under the same categories in a follow up study.

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19
Q

Kagan and Snidman Conclusion:

A

Temperament is innate.

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20
Q

Kagan and Snidman Evaluation points(3):

A

They used a large sample so the results may be representative of the population.
Low ecological validity as the experiment was undertaken in a artificial setting so results may have been different.
The results were observed so certain things may have been missed or recorded wrong.
In the follow up study participants may have dropped out so the results may not be as reliable.
Experimental setting makes it so nothing can interfere with the experiment.

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21
Q

Type theory:

A

The type of personality you are, e.g. Extroversion etc

22
Q

Extroversion:

A

Someone who looks for entertainment in the outside world

23
Q

Introversion:

A

A personality type that describes someone who are content with their own company

24
Q

Neuroticism:

A

A personality type that describes someone that is highly emotional and show a quick, intense reaction to fear

25
Q

Eysenck Aim:

A

To investigate personality differences between people.

26
Q

Eysenck Method:

A

700 servicemen given a questionnaire, Eysenck analysed the results.

27
Q

Eysenck Results:

A

He identified two dimensions of personality Extroversion and Neuroticism.

28
Q

Eysenck Conclusion:

A

Everybody can be placed along his scale.

29
Q

Eysenck Evaluation points (3):

A

He used only servicemen so the results may not represent the population.
He used a large sample so the results may represent the population.
He only describes a limited number of personality types.
The answers given on the questionnaires may have been socially desirable so may not be representative or truthful.

30
Q

Psychoticism

A

A third dimension added to Eysenck’s study, people who score highly are usually hostile and aggressive.

31
Q

EPI: What does it stand for

A

Eysenck’s Personality Inventory

32
Q

EPQ: What does it stand for

A

Eysenck’s Personality Questionnaire

33
Q

APD: What does it stand for

A

Antisocial Personality Disorder

34
Q

What is APD

A

A condition where the individual does not use socially acceptable behaviour and does not consider the rights of others.

35
Q

Characteristics of APD (3)

A

Not following the norms and laws of society.
Being deceitful by lying, conning others and using aliases.
Being impulsive and not planning ahead.
Being irritable and aggressive, (fighting).
Being careless of their safety and the safety of others.
Being irresponsible, failing to hold down a job and pay off debts.
Lacking remorse by being indifferent to, or finding reasons for, hurting, mistreating or stealing from others.

36
Q

Biological causes of APD:

A

Brain abnormalities such as a reduced amount of grey matter in the prefrontal cortex.
Affected Amygdala, a part of the brain that controls emotions.

37
Q

Raine et al Aim:

A

To support the theory that abnormalities in the brain cause APD.

38
Q

Raine et al Method:

A

21 men with APD and 34 men used as a control group without the condition were MRI scanned.

39
Q

Raine et al Results:

A

The APD group had on average a reduction of 11% in prefrontal grey matter compared to the control group.

40
Q

Raine et al Conclusion:

A

APD is caused by a reduction in the brain’s grey matter.

41
Q

Raine et al Evaluation points:

A

This study supports its aim as abnormalities do cause APD.
They study used a small sample size so the experiment may not have been representative of the population.
They participants were all volunteers so the control group may have already had abnormalities which may have affected their brain matter, therefore, it may not have been representative.
The experiment was only undertaken on men so women may not be represented by the results.

42
Q

Socioeconomic factors

A

Social and financial issues that can affect an individual

43
Q

Farrington Aim:

A

To investigate the development of offending and antisocial behaviour in males.

44
Q

Farrington Method:

A

Through a longitudinal study 411 males where studied with teachers and parents being interviewed. Searches into their or family member’s criminal records were also undertaken.

45
Q

Farrington Results:

A

41% committed a crime between 10-50, risk factors: low school achievement, poverty, poor parenting and criminal behaviour in the family.

46
Q

Farrington Conclusion:

A

Situational factors lead to the development of antisocial behaviour.

47
Q

Farrington Evaluation points(3):

A

The study was longitudinal therefore, participants could’ve dropped out.
The Participants were all from inner city London so may not represent people from other places.
Participants were all male so the experiment may not represent women.
The experimenters interviewed their parents and teachers who may have given socially desirable answers.
The study was not a controlled experiment meaning certain factors such as biological factors were not investigated.
The study used a good sample size so may be representative of the population.

48
Q

Elander et al Aim:

A

To investigate childhood factors to see whether they can predict antisocial behaviour in later life.

49
Q

Elander et al Method:

A

Researchers investigated 225 twins who were diagnosed with childhood disorders and interviewed them 10-25 years later.

50
Q

Elander et al Results:

A

He found children with hyperactivity, conduct disorders, low IQ and reading problems were strong indicators of APD and criminality in later life.

51
Q

Elander et al Conclusion:

A

Disruptive behaviour in childhood can be used to predict APD in later life.

52
Q

Elander et al Evaluation points (3):

A

The study uses twins so it may not represent people who are not twins.
Participants were asked to recall memories from their childhood so may have incorrectly remembered events.
The study uses twins who have genetic similarities therefore, genetics may have affected their behaviour.
Participants were interviewed therefore may have given socially desirable answers.

Psychology (4 decks)

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