Memory Flashcards
The Flow of information
Encoding, storage, retrieval
Encoding, storage, retrieval
The Flow of Information
The multi-store model of memory (basic three)
Sensory store, Long term memory, Short term memory
Long term to Short term
Recall
short term to long term
Rehearsal
You forget from your…
Short term memory
Primacy effect
Words at the beginning your LTM has longer to recite them
Words that have longer to recite so can go into LTM
Primacy effect
Words fresher in your STM
Recency effect
Recency effect
Words fresh in your STM
Lasts a couple of seconds
Sensory store
Lasts about 1 minuite
STM
Lasts a lifetime
LTM
Can take about 7 chunks of information
STM
Can store (is thought) unlimited amounts of information
LTM
A hypothesis must contain
Independent Variable, Dependant and a prediction that can be proven True or False
Murdock research study: what did he research
To find evidence of the multi-store theory
Levels of processing in order
Structural, Phonetic, Semantic
Structural Processing is
What it looks like
Phonetic Processing is
What it sounds like
Semantic Processing is
What it means
How Murdock ( Multi-store) did his experiment
Two groups were told to memorise some words on a list
Results to Murdock’s experiment (Multi-store)
Recency and Primacy effects, words in the middle were remembered least.
Craik and Lockhart: what did they research
Levels of processing
How did Craik and Lockhart perform their study
Levels of processing
Asked different questions, structural, phonetic and semantic to which they said yes/no to then were asked to remember certain words
Results for Craik and Lockhart (Levels of processing)
more people remembered semantic then phonetic then structural, 70%,35%,15%
What is Reconstructive memory
Where we alter out memories so they make more sense to us
What did Bartlett research
To see if people alter information given to them that seems unfamiliar
How did Bartlett perform his study (Reconstructive memory)
He showed participants a story, he then afterwards asked them to recall the story
Results of Bartlett’s study (Reconstructive memory)
Participants would remember the story different and make it so it’s more familiar to them
What is Retroactive interference
When new information interferes with the recall of old information
What is Proactive interference
When old information interferes with memorising new information
What did Underwood and Postman research
Interference, to see if new learning interfered with old learning
How did Underwood and Postman undergo their experiment (Interference)
Two groups learnt a set of words the the first group had to learn another set of words, then they were asked to recall the first set of words only.
Results to Underwood and Postman’s experiment (Interference)
The second group remembered the list more accurately due to less/no interference
What interference did Underwood and Postman find (Interference)
Retrograde interference
What is the context
The general setting/environment where the activity happens
What did Godden and Baddeley reseach
The researched whether context effected the recall of memory
How did Gooden and Baddeley perform their experiment (context)
They split participants into 4 different groups who all had to learn and recall words in different places, changing context.
Results for Godden and Baddeley’s experiment (context)
The groups who didn’t move rooms from when they memorised to when they recalled remembered about 40% more
List both Experimental designs
Independent groups, Repeated measure
Outline Independent groups
The group is split into two, one group a control whilst the other does the condition
Outline Repeated measure
The participants are kept in one big group and do both conditions
Advantages of Independent groups
No order effects- The participants aren’t aware of what they are about to do
Disadvantages of Independent groups
Participant variables- Some participants may have better memories than others and may sway the experiment unfavourably
Advantages of Repeated measures
Participant variables- The group is kept together so ability due to different memories won’t affect the outcome
Disadvantages of Repeated Measures
Participants know what they are about to do so will be prepared and the results will be invalid
Independent groups: Improvement (name)
Matched pairs
Repeated measures: Improvement (name)
Counter balance
Describe matched pairs
The groups will be separated equally on terms of memory ability therefore they won’t be able to outweigh the experiment through some people’s better ability.
Anterograde Amnesia
Can remember OLD but cannot create new memories
Retrograde Amnesia
Can’t remember old but can create NEW
Retrograde amnesia effects:
Recall
Anterograde amnesia effects:
Rehearsal
Low ecological validity
Unlifelike
High ecological validity
Lifelike
What did loftus and palmed research
If leading questions affects the accuracy of recall
How did Loftus and Palmer perform their experiment
Participants were shown a film of a crash and were told different questions (crash/smash)
Results for Loftus and Palmer’s experiment (leading questions)
The participants who heard ‘smash’ were likely to rate the cars in the crash faster than those told ‘hit’
